Chapter 1 Child Development Flashcards
Child Development
is an area of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence. it is part of a larger interdisciplinary field knows as developmental science
developmental science
includes all changes we experience throughout the lifespan. research on child development has been stimulated both my scientific curiosity and by social pressures to better children’s lives.
The interdisciplinary study of development is often divided into three broad domains
physical, cognitive, and social emotional
Adolescent Development typically covers the ages of
11-18 years of age
which type of information gathering seems to be the most naturalistic
observations
which of the following theorists is associated with psychological theory, the lifespan nature of development?
Erik Erikson
which of the following theorists would not be considered an environmental factor affecting one’s development?
genetic make up
there are three phases which occur during prenatal development, what are they?
zygote, embryo, fetus
what are the three stages of natural childbirth?
dilation and effacement, birth, delivery of the placenta
about how much time do newborns spend sleeping?
50%
brain growth is a its peak during which stage of development?
early childhood
physical motor development is generally divided into two broad categories, which are
fine motor and gross motor skills
piaget developed a theory known as cognitive - development theory. what are the four identified stages f his theory?
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations, formal operations
what is considered the first major milestone of language development
cooing and babbling
temperament would be most closely associated with which domain of development
emotional
_______ is the strong affectionate tie we have for special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress
Attachment
during what period of development does hand preference tend to emerge
early childhood
thinking about thought is the definition of which element of information processing theory?
metacognition
what is considered the most important step a parent can take to support their child’s language development
talk with their child
three forms of aggression emerge during early childhood years they are..
physical, verbal, and relational
obesity has become a major issue in the US and many other Western nations what percentage of school-age children are identified as obese today?
32%
during middle childhood, children’s ability to process information becomes
faster, more accurate, more logical
as class size declines academic achievement improves, true or false?
true
Erikson identified the psychological conflict of_____ occurring during middle childhood
industry vs. inferiority
the physical transition to adulthood is commonly known as
puberty
which of the following is not considered a risk factor for dropping out of high school?
stimulating classes
Three fundamental issues of development
continuous, discontinuous, or stages
interdisciplinary
large storehouse of information about child development
periods of development
prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood
prenatal period
conception to birth
infancy and toddlerhood period
birth to 2 years
early childhood period
2 to 6 years
middle childhood period
6 to 11 years
adolescence period
11 to 18 years
emerging adulthood period
18 to 25 years
theory
an orderly integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
why are theories tools?
they guide and give meaning to what we see, they help us understand development, we are in a better position once we know how to improve the welfare and treatment of children
scientific verification
the theory must be tested using a fair set of research procedures agreed on by the scientific community, and it’s findings must endure, or be replicated over time.
continuous development
a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with.
discontinuous development
a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
stages
qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development
nature
inborn biological givens
nurture
the complex forces of the physical and social world that influences our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth
stability
children who are high or low in a characteristic (such as verbal ability, anxiety, or socialility) will remain so at later age.
plasticity
open to change in response to influntial experiences.
psychoanalytic perspective
children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expections. how these conflicts are resolved determines the person’s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety
Freud’s psychosexual theory
emphasizes that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
three parts of personality according to Freud
id, ego, superego
id
largest portion of the mind, is the source of basic biological needs and desires.
ego
the conscious rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the id’s impulses so that they are discharged in acceptable ways
superego
between ages 3 and 6, also called the conscience, develops through interactions with parents, who insist that children conform to the values of society.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes, and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society
chromosomes
store and transmit genetic information. 46 of them total 23 mom and 23 dad
genes
segments of DNA located along the chromosomes
DNA
substance of which genes and chromosomes are made
twin types
granternal/dizgotic,identical/monozygotic
fraternal/dizygotic twins
two zygotes, or fertilized ova
identical/monozygotic twins
one zygote that divides into two individuals
5 environmental contexts for development
family, socioeconomic status,neighborhoods, towns and cities, cultural context
three phases of development during pregnancy
zygote, embryo, fetus
zygote
weeks 1-2, the one celled zygote multiples and forms a blastocyst, forms into the uterine lining
embryo
3-4, 5-8 weeks, brain, spine, heart, muscles, ribs, backbone, and stomach form, body structures, sense of touch begins to develop and the embryo starts to move.
fetus
9-12 weeks, movement can be felt by the mother, brains neurons form, fetus reacts to sounds.
teratogen
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
genetic factors that could hurt babies in the belly
emotional stress, blood incompatilbity, material age, other births
environmental factors that could hurt the babies
drugs, tobacco, pollution,
types of births
natural or prepared, home delivery, induced labor, cesarean delivery, instrument delivery
natural or prepared
no drugs, calming
home delivery
at home, with no doctor,
induced labor
doctor breaks water in order for child to be born
cesarean delivery
c section, cut open child pulled out
instrument delivery
forceps or vacuum can be used to get child out.
factors of low birth weight
preterm, small placenta, bad nutirtion, twins
reflex
a in born response to stimuli, need to be simulated in order for them to learn
