middle childhood

Question 1

physical development: notable changes

Answer 1

from pre-pubescence - the period prior to physiological changes assoc with puberty
to pubescence - diverse and gradual physical changes assoc with puberty

Question 2

physical development: impact of self-perception

outwardly visible and affects the perceptions of self

Answer 2

late developers may feel inferior
early developers may feel awkward and out of place
reassurance that dev. varies and that all dev. is normal is crucial

Question 3

cognitive development according to Piaget

pre-operational thought - discovery of rules and regularities to apply to new incoming information

Answer 3

concrete operation - ability to solve concrete problems
formal operations - ability to solve real and hypothetical problems using abstract concepts to understand people, situations, and events within their surrounding environments,

Question 4

cognitive development focus on brain- use it or lose it?
prior to middle childhood
brain development and functioning profoundly shaped by earlier experiences and development
brain development follows a coherent developmental process

Answer 4

during middle childhood
different brain regions dev. according to different time lines

brain synapses - connections between cells in the nervous system initially present may be gradually eliminated if not use

Question 5

emotional development

development of more advanced coping skills when encountering

Answer 5

upsetting, stressful, or traumatic situations

Question 6

emotional intelligence is the ability to:
motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations
control impulse and delay gratification

Answer 6

regulate one’s moods

keep distress from swamping the ability to think, to empathize and to hope

Question 7

emotional development

loss, trauma, and violence may present serious obstacles to the dev. of emotional intelligence

Answer 7

personal and environmental attributes play a critical role in processes of resilience

Question 8

emotional development middlle childhood -Goleman (1995) many cases of depression arise from deficits in two key areas of emotional competence

Answer 8

relationship skills and cogniitve or interpretative, style

Question 9

many kids suffering from or at risk of developing depression- possess

Answer 9

a depression-promoting way of interpreting set backs

Question 10

social dev. - acquiring feeling of self confidence

industry versus inferiority

Answer 10

psychosocial stage: the drive to acquire new skills and do meaningful work

Question 11

social dev. of middle childhood is a critical time to acquire enhanced sense of mastery

Answer 11

and self- efficacy.

Question 12

emotional dev. children with a potentially harmful outlook atribute setbacks in

Answer 12

their lives to internal, personal flaws

Question 13

social dev,- an increasing awareness of the network of relationships

Answer 13

in surrounding environments

Question 14

development of social competence:

Answer 14

the ability to engage in sustained, positive, and mutually satisfactory peer interactions

Question 15

group belongingness
in peer groups, learning how to:
appreciate different points of view
recognize the norms and demands of peer group

Answer 15

have closeness to a same-sex peer

cooperate and lead

Question 16

in individual friendships,

Answer 16

developing critical capacities of trust and intimacy

Question 17

in team play, developing perspective, interdependence

competition, division of labor

Answer 17

and cooperation capabilities

Question 18

acquiring positive group identity - cognitively capable of rejecting stereotypes and recognizing the complexities within

Answer 18

all individuals and groups

Question 19

group identity - more aware of dual or multiple

Answer 19

aspects of identity

Question 20

group identity - more aware of the discrimination and inequality

Answer 20

to which non-majority groups may be subjected

Question 21

at a time when development of a sense of belonging is critical, these issues set some children apart from

Answer 21

members of dominant groups and may increase their challenges

Question 22

social development: interactive and progressive tasks -
peer acceptance - a powerful predictor of psychological adjustment -
cognitive abilities, complex communication skills, complex peer interaction,

Answer 22

positive coping, positive peer relationships social competence

Question 23

stepping stone to adolescence
children experience middle childhood differently based on:
differences in the surrounding environment such as

Answer 23

family structure and socioeconomic status and personality differences

Question 24

zone of proximal development: the theoretical space between the child’s current developmental level and

Answer 24

the child’s potential level if given access to appropriate models and developmental experiences in the social environment.

Question 25

stepping stone to adolescence

sense of personal competence and tenacity developed in mid childhood

Answer 25

protective factor during adolescence and young adulthood

Question 26

stepping stone to adolescence

emotional social, spiritual, economic capital acquired during mid childhood leads to

Answer 26

socioeconomic and other types of future success

feelings of competence in move toward adolescence and early adulthood

Question 27

mid childhood: risky times time of highest risk of experiencing…

Answer 27

bullying, either as a perpetrator or victim

Question 28

risky times - peak time for identification and potential diagnosis of

Answer 28

adhd - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, austism spectrum disorders, and emotional/behavioral disorders

Question 29

risky times - family disruptions: divorce,

Answer 29

death of a parent, children of suicide, and foster care.

Question 30

spiritual development -
mythic - literal stage - storytelling to make sense of the world, based on fairness/moral reciprocity.. child believes that goodness is rewarded and badness is punished…

Answer 30

beginning of ponderings and feelings about spirituality and faith.. child may view getting a physical illness with having done something wrong, such as hitting a sibling…

Question 31

using spiritual threads to create meaning -

also able to go beyond simple good vs. evil conception of spirituality…

Answer 31

when asked about heaven, kids understand it differently..unique meaning to each child

Question 32

spiritual education of children occurs in many settings

Answer 32

families, churches, mosques, temples, schools

Question 33

in school settings character education is used to reinforce

Answer 33

some of the values in spiritual education

Question 34

risk factors child/individual - prematurity, birth anomalies, exposure to toxins in utero chronic or serious illness, temperament: difficult or slow to warm up

Answer 34

mental retardation cognitive delays, low intelligence, childhood trauma, antisocial peer group gender

Question 35

protective factors child/individual - good health
personality factors: easy temperament, positive disposition, active coping styles, positive self esteem, good social skills,

Answer 35

internal focus of control balance between help seeking and autonomy, above average intelligence, history of adequate development, hobbies and interests, good peer relationships

Question 36

risk factors parent/family - insecure attachment, parent: insecure adult attachment pattern, single parenthood (with lack of support), harsh parenting, maltreatment, family disorganization, low parental monitoring, social isolation, lack of support

Answer 36

domestic violence, high parental interparental conflict, separation/divorce, especially high-conflict divorce, parental psychopathology parental substance abuse, parental illness, death of a parent or sibling foster care placement

Question 37

protective factors parent/family - secure attachment, positive and warm parent-child relationship, parent: secure adult attachment pattern, parent(s) supports child in times of stress, effective/positve (authoritative) parenting, household rules and structure, parental monitoring of child

Answer 37

support/involvement of extended family, including help with caregiving, stable relationship between parents, parent(s) model competence and good coping skills, family expectations of prosocial behavior, high parental expectations

Question 38

social environmental risk factors - poverty, lack of access to adequate medical care, health insurance and social services,
parental community unemployment, inadequate child care, inadequate housing, exposure to racism, discrimination, injustice

Answer 38

low quality schools, frequent change of residence and schools/transient community.
exposure to environmental toxins, exposure to dangerous neighborhoods, community violence, media violence, few opportunities for education or employment

Question 39

social/environmental protective factors - middle class or above socioeconomic status, access to adequate health care and social services, consistent parental community employment, adequate child care and housing, family religious faith participation,

Answer 39

high quality schools, supportive adults, outside family who serve as role models/mentors to child, presence of caring adult(s), collective efficacy, competence in normative roles, many opportunities for education and employment.

Question 40

Kohlberg 1969 Preconventional and conventional morality

Answer 40

reasoning based on punishment and reward is replaced by reasoning based on formal law and external opinion.

Question 41

Erickson 1950 industry versus inferiority - capacity to cooperate and create develops;

Answer 41

result is sense of either mastery or incompetence