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PSY 341 > middle childhood > Flashcards

middle childhood Flashcards

1
Q

physical growth in middle childhood

A
  • growth slows even more
  • huge differences in height (ethnic/environmental differences = doctors change growth charts)
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2
Q

growth hormone difficiency

A

deficiency in how much GH is released = shorter for age
- The pituitary gland normally releases GH during sleep
- synthetic form taking before growth plates set (takes 4-7 years and pretty expensive)

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3
Q

brain development during middle childhood

A
  • increase in speed, efficiency and ability to filter our irrelevant info
  • pruning of unused dendrites = loss of density in brain matter
  • increase in white matter especially in temporal and parietal lobe
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4
Q

what are the effects of eating breakfast?

A

balanced breakfasts lead to being more alert in class

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5
Q

what proportion of children eat fast food every day

A

1/3 of all children

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6
Q

how many hours of sleep is required

A

9-11 hours/night

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7
Q

what affects sleep ability

A

second hand smoke electronics, physical activity

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8
Q

what influences physical activity now

A

more HW, longer school days, sports participation, household income

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9
Q

how many children get the full recommended time of physical activity

A

25% of children

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10
Q

what are the benefits of recess

A

shows to refocus children and has better attention in the classroom

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11
Q

overweight BMI percentile

A

85-95 percentile for weight

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12
Q

obese BMI percentile

A

95 or higher

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13
Q

what are the causes of obesity

A

genetic predisposition: several genes are related to obesity
environment: children eat the foods/adopt food habits of who they surround themselves with
inactivity: less active children most likely to be overweight
screen time: contribute to inactivity

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14
Q

how many hours on a screen increases risk of obesity in children

A

2 or more hours on screen

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15
Q

acute medical conditions

A

short term medical conditions, colds, flu, etc.)

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16
Q

how often are colds seen in gradeschool

A

typically occurs 6-7 times/year

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17
Q

chronic medical conditions

A

long term medical conditions, can be treated but normally doesn’t go away
- influenced by SES

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18
Q

asthma

A

chronic respiratory disease that have sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing or difficulty breathing

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19
Q

diabetes and hypertension

A

tied to obesity and increase rate of diabetes
Type II diabetes more common

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20
Q

when is temporary teeth done falling out?

A

around age 6

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21
Q

what helps dental care

A

flouride in water and sealants

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22
Q

accidental injuries

A

cause of death in these age of children
- accidents occur bc kids are more active and have less parental supervision

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23
Q

trends in accidental injury

A

boys have more accidents than girls and more common with siblings than with only children

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24
Q

main points of the piagetian approach

A

concrete operational stage
- conservation, number and mathematics, moral reasoning

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25
Q

decentration

A

kids are now able to decenter and can focus on multiple aspects at once

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26
Q

conservation

A

now able to recognize that 2 equal things remain the same despite looking different

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27
Q

mathematics

A

can do more sophisticated mathematical concepts, can count on

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28
Q

morality of constraint

A

morality of constraint: simplistic rigid judgments about morality
- either right or wrong no gray area
- anything aginst the rules requires harsh punishment and generalizes to being bad person

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29
Q

morality of cooperation

A

not absolute right or wrong, understanding that different people have different rules, considers the intention and seriousness of action

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30
Q

morality of equity

A

formal operational thought, looking at circumstances and making equitable choicesrathan equality

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31
Q

informational processing approach main points

A

executive function, selective attention, working memory, metamemory, mnemonic devices

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32
Q

executive function

A

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, behaviors,
- improves throughout life, but decreases as gets older
- nature aspect: the development of prefrontal cortex
-nurture aspect: more likely to adopt speech patters/overall behaviors by surroundings

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33
Q

selective attention

A

ability to direct ones attention and tune out distractions

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34
Q

working memory

A

current consciousness, currently thinking about

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35
Q

metamemory

A

knowledge of the process of memory

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36
Q

external memory aids

A

smth outside of the person like planners

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37
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition

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38
Q

organization

A

mentally group things into categories

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39
Q

elaboration

A

link together items of some imagined scene/story

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40
Q

otis lemon school ability test

A

kindergarten-12 grade
- classifying items, showing comprehension of verbal and numerical concepts, general information, and following directions

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41
Q

stanford binet intellignece scale

A

measures nonverbal and verbal abilities consisting of fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory

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42
Q

aptitude tests vs. achievement tests

A

aptitiude: focuses on what can be achieved/the individual’s potential
achievement: focuses on what the individual has already mastered

43
Q

Theories of intelligence

A

multiple intelligence (gardner), triarchic theory (sternberg), dynamic testing (vygotsky)

44
Q

multiple intelligences

A

developed by gardner
- understands that everyone has different levels, categories are independent of each other
- language ability, logical/mathematical reasoning, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial reasoning, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist

45
Q

triarchic theory

A

componential: analytic IQ, how efficiently people process information and solve problems
experiential: insightful/creative looks at how people approach novel/familiar tasks (independent of componential
contextual: practical intelligence, how people deal with their emotions

46
Q

dynamic testing

A

measure zone of proximal development

47
Q

IQ contraversay

A

cultural bias: tendency to include test items that are more favorable to members of certain groups
culture-free: aptitude tests
culture-fair tests: puts in context for everyone

48
Q

disadvantages of IQ tests

A

doesn’t measure motivation, timed tests penalize children who work at a slower pace

49
Q

language development during middle childhood

A

syntax, pragmatics, second-language learning, literacy

50
Q

syntax

A

way words ar arranged in phrases and sentences
- average 9-10 years olds can understand

50
Q

pragmatics

A

practical use of social context of how to communicate
- major area of language growth in middle childhood

51
Q

second-language learning

A

immersion model: immerse in English from the beginning as only language used in school
(common when don’t want to/ don’t have funds to support
bilingual model: learns basic in primary language and then takes enlgish class before or after school

52
Q

literacy

A

ability to read and write

53
Q

whole language

A

focuses on teaching whole words rather than sounds
- a visual based learning system using visual recognition
- hard/overwhelming because so many words to memorize
- showed that kids just reading beginning and ending of the words

54
Q

phonetics/decoding

A

code emphasis, teaching sounds that letter make
- uses sounding out technique to approach novel words

55
Q

writing

A

there’s a delay in writing and feedback

56
Q

technology and reading

A

in some cases this is helpful

57
Q

self efficacy beliefs

A

how they feel about themselves, are they comfortable with themselves

58
Q

what does high self efficacy result in?

A

more likely to persist, ask for help, set up goals

59
Q

parenting practices

A

parents’ involvement related to better grades, more pos attitude toward school
- talking, reading, listening all helpful, along with monitoring homework and screentime

60
Q

teacher expectations

A

highly influences children performance/outcome
- if teacher informed about bloomers, will give more attention to and resulted in better outcomes

61
Q

intellectual disabilities

A

“mental retardation”
- must meet an IQ of below a 70 and identified before 18
- send to special education or mainstreaming

62
Q

mainstreaming

A

sending children to regular school but with their intellectual equal peers

63
Q

learning disabilities

A

dyslexia: the most common, cant process the sequences of learning
tends to have a higher average in intelligence

64
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A

inattention, impulsivity, high activity, easily frustrated, temper tantrums
- often correlated with other learning disorders
- 2x more likely to be diagnosed in boys than in girls

65
Q

giftedness

A

those with an IQ of above 130

66
Q

responses to giftedness

A

acceleration: skip grades and place kids according to cognition level
enrichment: keeps in age-appropriate class but try to give extra activities

67
Q

representational systems

A
68
Q

real self vs. ideal self

A

real self: not necessarily real but real for the child, the perception of themselves in any aspect
ideal self: where the child would like to be

69
Q

self esteem

A

having a positive self image

70
Q

industry vs. superiority

A

Erickson’s next stage
- crisis in childs capacity for productive work
- pos resolve = will gain competency the capability of completing skills
- neg resolve = gain low self worth

71
Q

what are sources of self esteem

A

domain competencies and social support

72
Q

domain competencies

A

different competencies that determine self-worth
- appearance, popularity (social acceptance), school performance, sports, conduct behavior

73
Q

social support for self esteem

A

teachers, parents, and peers all help to develop a child self esteem

74
Q

parenting issues in middle childhood

A
  • parents spend half as much time with kids at this time
  • the quantity may decrease but the quality remains
  • coregulation
  • maternal employent
75
Q

coregulation

A

the shared regulation between child and parents, transitional stage where parents and child share power

76
Q

cooperative parenting

A

dont bring kids into marriage/divorce problems and focus on the child (better outcomes)

77
Q

what is more destructive than divorce

A

two combative parents staying married to each other

78
Q

relationship with the father

A

majority of the time father is noncustodial parent, but as long as the dad has a good quality relationship the time spent doesn’t matter as much

79
Q

one parent families

A

26% of kids live with single parent
- key factors to success is having stability and income

80
Q

cohabiting families

A

function as a married family but not
32% of kids live in a cohabiting family

81
Q

step families

A

failies formed through second marriage
- child still has closest tie to biological custodial parents
15% of U.S. kids

82
Q

gay/lesbian families

A

no difference in raising chilren than compared to a heterosexual families

83
Q

sibling relationships

A

help to teach child conflict resolution

84
Q

how do sibling roles differ between cultures

A

siblings in U.S> tend to be playmates while in other countries/cultures older siblings raise the younger siblings

85
Q

positive effects of peer influence

A

develop social skills: learning how to interact in society
develops self concept: uses friends to develop and figure out things they like (creates an in group or their group)

86
Q

negative effects of peer influence

A

with in groups theres out groups starting to show prejudice to others (peaks at age 5-7)
- however, lower likelihood of prejudice if give kids opportunist to react and works towards the same goal

87
Q

popularity categories

A

neglected, average, controversial, rejected, popular

88
Q

neglected

A

no mentions of good or bad with peers, tend to be overlooked or ignored

89
Q

average

A

moderately liked, moderate number of nominations

90
Q

controversial

A

nominated a lot but mixed feelings

91
Q

rejected

A

negative nominations big number of nominations
- usually has some kind of social deficit
- becomes used to this and develops a sense of learning

92
Q

popular

A

positive nominations and big number of nominations
- not fake just nice
- good social and cognitive abilities, easy to like, helpful, assertive without being aggressive
- easily forms emotional connections

93
Q

what type of parenting more likely to have popular kids?

A

athoritative parenting

94
Q

gender differences in friendships

A

girls: single or small group of close friends that have intimate convos, rely on each other and affectionate
boys: quantity more concerned with status

95
Q

what helps friendships grow

A

the quality of the relationship (intimacy)

96
Q

developmental patterns in aggression

A

during this age group huge shift in instrumental aggression to hostile aggression and a shift from overt aggression to relational aggression

97
Q

what category of kids tend to express a lot of aggression

A

the rejected category

98
Q

what is the exception to the category of kids and aggression relationship

A

popular girls will show a lot of relational aggression and popular boys show a lot of overt/physical aggression

99
Q

media’s effect on aggression

A

more kids watching media = violence = normalizing violence

100
Q

bullying

A

aggression deliberatley and consistancy directed towards a vulnerable child

101
Q

what age does patterns of bullying start to emerge

A

kindergarten

102
Q

when does relational bullying increase

A

ages 11-15

103
Q
A

PSY 341 (3 decks)

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