Early Childhood

Question 1

body and growth changes in early childhood

Answer 1

• full set of temporary teeth come in by age 3
• cartilage hardens and turns into bone
• growth starts to slow down and start to slim down

Question 2

sleep pattern in early childhood

Answer 2

• kids start to elongate the bedtime routine
• transitional objects: an object that helps child to transition from dependency in infancy to independence of childhood

Question 3

disturbances in sleep

Answer 3

nightmares: frightening dreams that a child remembers upon waking up (occurs in REM)
night terrors: experiences of terror during sleep, child may seem awake but not (occurs during deep sleep)

Question 4

enuresis

Answer 4

fancy word for bed wetting

Question 5

motor development

Answer 5

gross motor: walking up and down stairs without support, unorganized sports are recommended
fine motor: use of scissors, duplo blocks

Question 6

handedness

Answer 6

which hand is preferred, normally obvious by age 3

Question 7

obesity and undernutrition in early childhood

Answer 7

• obesity starting at a younger age
• undernutrition may be due to socioeconomic status

Question 8

physical abuse

Answer 8

actions that endanger a chuld or cause injury (11%)

Question 9

neglect

Answer 9

failure to meet childs basic needs, failing to provide supervision (61%)

Question 10

sexual abuse

Answer 10

sexual interactions with child and older person (7%)

Question 11

emotional maltreatment

Answer 11

rejecting terrorizing, isolating, and failing to produce love and support

Question 12

piagetian approach for cog. dev. in early childhood

Answer 12

preoperational stage (2-7 years)

Question 13

symbolic function

Answer 13

ability to learn using symbols (mental representations of things)
pretend play is extremely symbolic

Question 14

transduction

Answer 14

the linking to two events close in time despite the fact that the link may not be logical

Question 15

egocentrism

Answer 15

the inability to consider another person’s POV (the sand mountain experiment)

Question 16

conservation

Answer 16

the idea that despite the shape or height change something remains the same amount

Question 17

irreversibility

Answer 17

inability to understand that operations and events can go 2 ways

Question 18

theory of mind

Answer 18

awareness or understanding of mental processes

Question 19

generic memory

Answer 19

• age 2
• generic script that serves as an outline for repeated familiar events
  e.g. bedtime routine

Question 20

episodic memory

Answer 20

• 2-3 yrs
• memory of specific episode of event
• tends to be temporary unless reinforced

Question 21

autobiographical memory

Answer 21

a type of episodic memory but holding a personal meaning to the person

Question 22

social interaction model

Answer 22

we construct our autobiographical memories through talking and sharing it with others

Question 23

measures of intelligence

Answer 23

Stanford-Binet: aims to test attention, memory, and verbal skills
washler preschool and primary scale of intelligence: also looks at non verbal intelligence

Question 24

Vygotsky zone of proximal development with IQ tests

Answer 24

showed that many children are able to answer questions if some scaffolding is implemented

Question 25

social speech

Answer 25

speech directed towards other poeple

Question 26

private speech

Answer 26

speech to oneself

Question 27

emergent literacy

Answer 27

knowledge, attitudes, skills that preced reading

Question 28

montessori education

Answer 28

children learns indepnedlty at their own ace on self selected tasks, the teachers are there as a guide

Question 29

compensatory programs

Answer 29

state funded universal preschool to underserved families

Question 30

kingergarten

Answer 30

more like real school

Question 31

self-concept

Answer 31

how children view themselves
- self definition: how tey describe themselves (external characteristics/traits during this time)

Question 32

self esteem

Answer 32

preschoolers have an overinflated sense of their abilities and themselves
- if a child receive a lot of praise from their parents = higher self esteem = more likely to succeed

Question 33

contingent self esteem

Answer 33

how others views or outside influences affects self esteem
- only receive praise = criticism may cause to give up
- western praises results
- Japanese and Chinese praise the process/journey

Question 34

regulating emotions

Answer 34

• huge development at this age
• able to understand conflicting emotions
  individualistic cultures encourages expression of emotions, collectivistic cultures discourage the expression of emotions

Question 35

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 35

Erikson’s next stage
- children start to take initiative but is guided by guilt/what others would think of their decisions
- if resolves initiative side child will develop purpose

Question 36

gender roles

Answer 36

attitudes/behaviors/interests/skills that a culture deems appropriate for a gender

Question 37

gender typing

Answer 37

childs learning of their gender role
- increases by ages 3-6

Question 38

gender stereotype

Answer 38

exaggerated generalizations of male & female behavior
- starts at around 21/2-3 years and peaks at age 5

Question 39

social cognitive theory

Answer 39

these ideas of gender of reinforced by social interactions

Question 40

gender identity

Answer 40

2-3 yrs
understanding of male and female

Question 41

gender stability

Answer 41

3-4 yrs
understanding that gender will stay the same

Question 42

gender consistency

Answer 42

3-7 yrs
understanding that superficial charactersisitcs doesnt affect gender

Question 43

gender schema theory for gender roles

Answer 43

gender is just a concept (a schema) and for this reason it learned and thus can be changed or learned differently

Question 44

functional play

Answer 44

repetitive motions/movements

Question 45

constructive play

Answer 45

use of objects or materials to make something
e.g. coloring or blocks

Question 46

dramatic play

Answer 46

imaginary/pretend play

Question 47

formal play

Answer 47

games with rules

Question 48

disciplinary strategies for parents

Answer 48

power assertion, inductive techniques, withdrawal of love

Question 49

power assertion disciplinary strategy

Answer 49

discourage undesirbale behacior through physical or verabl enforcement
e.g. threat, loss of privileges, spanking

Question 50

inductive techniques

Answer 50

pormotes desireable beahvior by appealing to childs reasoning and sense of fairness (setting out and explaining the rules)

Question 51

withdrawl of love

Answer 51

discourages undesirable behaviors by ignornisng, isolating showing dislike towards child

Question 52

types of parenting styles

Answer 52

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive

Question 53

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 53

“dictatir” values control and unquestioning obedience
- uses power assertion and punish for misdeeds

Question 54

authoritative parenting style

Answer 54

has rules but respects child’s individuality, most self controlled, self reliant, and content

Question 55

permissive parenting style

Answer 55

few demands/rules, allows kis to self reglat make their own decisions

Question 56

altruism

Answer 56

acting out of concern for oters w/ no expectation of reward

Question 57

aggresion types and characteristics

Answer 57

instrumental: use aggresion like an instrument or took to get what they want (not personal)
hostile: aggressive behavior intended to hurt someone
overt aggression: physical aggression
relational aggression: non-physical, damaging relationships or reputations