Middle ages

Question 1

what weapons were used in the middle ages

Answer 1

Swords, longbows, staffs, crossbows, cannons

Question 2

how did the use of longbows change throughout the middle ages

Answer 2

the use of longbows increased due to the ‘longbow law’ put in place in 1363 which stated all able bodied men had to practice archery every sunday

Question 3

how did the use of swords change throughout the middle ages

Answer 3

the use of swords in infantry decreased substantially due to the increasing use of longbows

Question 4

how did the number of cavalry change from the beginning to the end of the middle ages

Answer 4

the number of cavalry decreased due to the introduction of longbows which meant they were easier to kill

Question 5

how were knights recruited at the start of the middle ages

Answer 5

recruited through: general summons and feudal summons

Question 6

what was a general summon

Answer 6

issued by the king and appealed to all knights to volunteer to fight. no direct payment.

Question 7

what was a feudal summons

Answer 7

issued by king to all noblemen who had received land directly from the crown. required to fight for 40 days. expected to bring their retinue to fight with them

Question 8

how were knights recruited by the end of the middle ages

Answer 8

indentures

Question 9

what was an indenture

Answer 9

contract made with an individual knight with the king. 2 pence per day. king knew who would turn up to fight. king had more control over the types of troops recruited

Question 10

what methods were used to recruit infantry at the beginning of the middle ages

Answer 10

infantry were recruited by local sheriffs, however these sheriffs would often take bribes from those wanting to avoid military service, so the poorer people would go an fight instead

Question 11

what method was used to increase reliability of sheriffs recruiting infantry

Answer 11

by 1277 sheriffs were supervised by members of the royal household called commissioners of array

Question 12

how were infantry recruited in the end of the middle ages

Answer 12

usually had made an agreement with an individual knight to serve in their retinue. COA and sheriffs were still used but mainly for local defence

Question 13

who led the English at the Battle of Falkirk?

Answer 13

King Edward I

Question 14

who led the Scottish at the battle of Falkirk?

Answer 14

William Wallace

Question 15

what 3 reasons were there for Edwards victory at the battle of Falkirk

Answer 15

• Effectiveness of Edwards tactics
• Size and composition of the two armies
• Positions of the two armies at the start of the battle

Question 16

who led the English at the Battle of Agincourt?

Answer 16

Henry V

Question 17

what were the 5 stages at Agincourt

Answer 17

Numbers, Positions, English bowmen fire, French cavalry attack, French dismounted knights attack, slaughter of prisoners

Question 18

what different factors contributed to the impact of war on civilians

Answer 18

• victims of raids
• civilians as soldiers
• taxations
• feeding and sheltering soldiers

Question 19

how did the experience of civilians change at the end of the middle ages

Answer 19

the invention of the printing press in 1471 meant more people could learn to read, which lead to more people being informed about what was happening. people opinions became more relevant. long term attitudes in society changed

Question 20

How did King Edwards I tactics help him win the battle of Falkirk

Answer 20

Edward knew he had more soldiers so he charged his cavalry against Scottish cavalry. He also made his longbowmen shoot the schiltrons as they had no armour to protect. This allowed his infantry to charge in as spears were bad in close combat

Question 21

Explain how the size and composition of the two armies at Falkirk allowed Edward to win

Answer 21

Edward army was much bigger than Wallace’s. Edward had 4 times the cavalry of scottish. Edward had more longbowmen to shoot into the schiltrons

Question 22

How did positioning of the two armies allow Edward to win at the battle of Falkirk

Answer 22

Wallace has a forest behind them making it hard to retreat. They would have to flee which would result in loss of formation. English had the ability to move around

Question 23

What were knights of the royal household

Answer 23

The kings private army, there were around 50 and each of them had their own retinue