Middle Ages Flashcards

Question

What is an Interdict?

Answer 1

A form of punishment were all churches in an area would be closed. Clergy was also forbidden to perform Sacraments.

Answer 2

People who denied the Christian Church, or taught beliefs against it. Viewed as unbelievers who's sinful beliefs attacked the church & deserved eternal damnation. Were hunted, and often killed/executed.

Answer 3

1/10 of a Christian persons income, paid to the church. A kind of tax, collected by your Parish Priest.

Answer 4

Buying a high position in the church, thinking the position would bring you power & wealth. A big problem for the church.

Answer 5

A young Roman, left Rome as a hermit. His reputation of Holiness attracted many followers. Established a Monastary in Italy. Created rules to govern Monk's lives, known as Benedictine Rules. Adopter by monasteries & convents all over Europe.

Answer 6

A missionary credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland.

Answer 7

Led a group of Monks to England. Became the archbishop of Canterbury, the center of the Christian church in England.

Answer 8

The search for Heretics. If you confesses, you would be forced to perform Penance. If you didn't, you were turned over to the government for punishment and execution. Sometimes a burning at the stake.

Answer 9

Governmental districts. Governed by a shireeve. Came from divided kingdoms ruled by the Anglo Saxons in England.

Answer 10

Laws based upon customs & judges decisions rather than upon written codes. Collections of decisions made in courts to be used as the basis for future court verdicts.

Answer 11

Came to the throne of Wessex in 871. Wanted to drive out the Danes (Vikings). Attacked them in 876. Built fortifications to keep them out, so by 886 the Danes were exhausted. He signed a peace treaty with the Danes. His successors gained back more land from the Danes.

Answer 12

Chosen by the Anglo-Saxons as king after the Danish line died out in 1042. Part Anglo-Saxon and part Norman (Viking). Died without leaving an heir. Tried taking power away from the nobles and putting more power in the monarchy.

Answer 13

A distant relative of Edward the Confessor. Claimed the throne, but was not given it. Crossed the English Channel with his Norman knights and took the throne. Grew to combine Anglo-Saxon and Norman cultures. Brought Feudalism. Made nobles swear loyalty to him. Was the supreme power. Scattered the fiefs. Strenghtened the power of the monarchy. Sent commissioners to all parts of his kingdom to set up an accurate central tax system which became known as the Doomsday Book.

Answer 14

(1154 to 1189) Vassals did not have to provide military service to him if they paid him. Used this money to hire mercenaries. Army is now loyal to the king, him. Set up the 12 member jury. trial by jury replaced the Trial by ordeal and trial by combat. But not the trial by compregation. Tried to increase the power of the royals by trying members of the clergy. His sons plotted against him.

Answer 15

Archbishop of Canterbury. Did not allow his clergy to be tried in royal courts. The Knights of Henry II murdered him in his cathedral. Named a saint.

Answer 16

Wife of Henry II. Their marriage brought conflicts with France. Wars in France require funds.

Answer 17

A document signed by King John. Protected the liberties of the nobles. Provided a limited outline of these rights for Englands ordinary people. Couldn't tax without permission. Made it so the king actually had to obey the law. Became the supreme law of the land.

Answer 18

Led the revolt and aimed to build middle class support for the nobles cause. Asked for (in 1265) representatives from the middle class to meet with the nobles and clergy. This is the beginning of the Enlgish Parliament.

Answer 19

Elected by the feudal lords in 936 to be king of Germany. He was a powerful and forceful leader, known as Otto the Great. Helped out Pope John XII against the Roman nobles. Pope crowns him Emperor of the Romans in 962. Got the same title as Charlemagne His Holy Roman Empire was weakened by internal divisions.

Answer 20

His reign as Emperor was from 1046 to 1056 and it was the height of imperial power. Viewed the monarch as over the church. Removed the 3 men claiming the papacy, and made a German the Pope. Chose the next 3 Popes after that. Died in 1056 and left his 5 year old son as king.

Answer 21

Took the throne at 5 years old. Nobles & the church tried to reclaim power. At 15 he sought to strengthen his imperial rule. This brought him to conflict with the Pope Gregory VII. Excommunicated. Fearing rebellion, he sought the pope's mercy. Allowed back into the church. Makes the Concordat of Worms with Pope Gregory VII.

Answer 22

One of the greatest Medieval church leaders. Brought spiritual reform by increasing power of the papacy. Believed the church was the supreme spiritual and temporal power on earth, and that all people were subject to the church and the pope. Opposed Lay Investiture. Excommunicates Henry IV, then revoked his excommunication. Makes the Concordat of Worms with Henry IV.

Answer 23

Ruled Germany from 1152 to 1190. Wanted to control Italy and the successful trading cities, known as Lombardy. Sent representatives to take control of them. Captured and destroyed Milan. The Lombard cities works against him with the Pope, creating the Lombard League. He was defeated by the Lombard League in 1176, and then signed a peace treaty with them. He was named overlord, but the Lombard League gained political independence.

Answer 24

The Strongest medieval Pope. Strengthened the church and the worldy powers of the papacy. Saw emperors and kings as servants of the Church. Felt he had the authority to settle all political and spiritual problems. Used excommunication and interdiction to settle problems. Increased papal authority and prestige.

Answer 25

When a king chooses the clergy members, meaning that the clergy is not made of actual holy people, but those seeking power through the church.

Answer 26

A muslim people from central Asia. In 1100, gained control of Palestine, which was the Christian's "Holy Land."

Answer 27

Pope. Called on for help against the Seljuq Turks by the Byzantine Emperor. Asked feudal lords to quit fighting each other and regain the Holy Land. Told them to wear a cross on their right shoulder and charge with: "God Wills It."

Answer 28

A series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Lnd. Though unsuccessful, helped bring many changes in Europe. 1: 1096-1099. French and Italian crusaders. Went from Europe to Palestne. Suffered from head and lack of supplies. Slaughtered Muslims and Jews. Gained control of Jerusalem. Introduced feudalism. 2: Begun in 1147. French and German crusaders. Failed to recapture the city and returned in 1149 with disgrace. 3: 1187. French, English, and the army of Frederick Barbarossa crusaders. Lasted for 3 years and failed. 4: Pope Innocent III gathered French knights for a crusade. Instead, the Venetians convinced them to attack another Christian city, their trade rival, Zadar. They were excommunicated for this. Attacked and looted Constantinople (also Christian) in 1204. Venetians gained control of Byzantine trade.

Answer 29

Muslim leader. Gained control of Jerusalem in 1187. Made a truce with King Richard. Gave some land to him. Christians were allowed to freely enter Jerusalem.

Answer 30

In 1212 many youth from Europe decided to march to the Holy Land. Lacked training and equipment. Some were tricked onto slave ships in France. Many were lost in the course of this tragedy.

Answer 31

How business at fairs was done at first. Goods and services were exchanged from other goods and services without using money. But over time, a fixed value was placed on goods, so the barter economy became less useful than actual money.

Answer 32

The system of manufacturing that developed during the Middle Ages.. Manufacturing took place in the workers' homes rather than in a shop or factory. EX: An individual would give wool to several workers, they would each do their thing and give it back to their superior to sell.

Answer 33

Charging interest on loans. Not allowed in the Christian church, thus why Jews were moneychangers, and not Christians.

Answer 34

Wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits. Europeans began investing capital in the later Middle Ages. One of the first steps towards a market economy.

Answer 35

Where land, labor, and capital are controlled by individual persons. The medieval market economy formed the basis for our modern capitalist system. Manufacturing, banking, and investing capital were the first steps towards creating this market economy.

Answer 36

Merchants and workers began to unite in these associations. In each town, a Merchant Guild had the sole right to trade there. If you were an outside merchant you had to pay a fee. These guilds were a union of people who would help out other members.

Answer 37

Skilled workers came together to form these. Set rules for wages, hours, and working conditions. Also controlled the training of skilled workers. Could approve or deny a journeyman's masterpiece.

Answer 38

First step to becoming a skilled worker. His parents paid the master to house, feed, clothe, and train the boy. Training took 5 to 9 years.

Answer 39

Step up from an apprentice. A skilled worker who was paid wages by a master. Could become a master by making a masterpiece. If the guild approved of it, the journeyman could open his own shop, and become a member of the guild.

Answer 40

Town guild members, merchants, and master workers. Between nobles and peasants & unskilled worker classes. Favored kings over nobles. Kings could provide stable government that would protect trade, business, and property. Middle class gave the kings advice and some were given government positions. Grew in power.

Answer 41

Began in 1347. Swept through Europe. Began in Asia and spread along buy trade routes. Black rats on the ships carried the disease. The plague was spread to people by bites from fleas on the rats. Wiped out some entire villages and towns. About 25 million people died in Europe from 1147 to 1151, about 1/3 of the population. Caused many changes in Europe. Faith in God was shaken. Church lost some power and importance. Relationship between upper and lower classes changed.

Answer 42

Spoken by those with little education. Everyday speech that varied from place to place. Written into words eventually, the first being the Troubadours' songs.

Answer 43

Traveling singers who wrote poems about love and chivalry. First to use the vernacular language in written words.

Answer 44

The attempt to bring together faith and reason. Medieval European Philosophers tried to make Aristotle's ideas work with those of early church writers.

Answer 45

A great medieval poet. Thought of as the father of the Italian language. His greatest work is thought to be "The Divine Comedy", where we follow a christian through hell, purgatory, and Heaven.

Answer 46

A great medieval poet. His writing and imagination had a great influence on literary styles and approaches. His best work was "The Canterbury Tales", a group of stories told from the point of view of about 30 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury.

Answer 47

An important philosopher of scholasticism. Taught in Paris in the 1100s. Wrote a book called "Sic et Non", which raised many questions about the church's teachings. Included quotes from the Bible and Popes, often contrasting.

Answer 48

Probably the greatest medieval philosopher. A monk of the Dominican order. His principal work, "Summa Theologiae", summarized medieval Christian thought.

Answer 49

A style of church architecture. Named Gothic after the barbarian Goths. Tall spires, buttresses, pointed arches, and high walls that reached towards heaven. Large stained glass windows were set in the high walls. Gargoyles adorned the outside walls.

Answer 50

Series of conflicts between England and France concerning the French throne. (1337-1453) Began when Edward III brought his army to France to take the throne. Saw the use of new weapons, the longbow, gunpowder, and cannons. Had an effect on England, Parliament gained power over the king. French suffered. Set up new wars for thrones in both countries.

Answer 51

Began in 1455. A war for Englands throne. The York and Lancaster families. In 1485 Henry Tudor of Lancaster won the war and the throne.

Answer 52

Of the Lancaster house, becomes king, won the throne in 1485. Married a daughter of the House of York. As king Henry VII, he set up a strong monarchy in England again.

Answer 53

Helped Charles VII of Orleans to win the throne and drive out the British. In 1429, helped end the war for the French throne.

Answer 54

Followed Charles VII in 1461 as king of France. Made the French monarchy stronger. Set up a harsh, effective government with high taxes. Under him, France became a united country.

Answer 55

Helped unite Spain in 1479. Kicked out the Moors. Took powers away from the church court and nobles. Fervent catholic. Did not look kindly on non-Christians.

Answer 56

Helped unite Spain in 1479. Kicked out the Moors. Took powers away from the church court and nobles. Fervent catholic. Did not look kindly on non-Christians.

Answer 57

In 1273 a member of this family became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Using armed conquest they gradually won land and power. By the 1400s they were one of Europes rising stars. Used the strategy of marriage and conquest to add to its power and wealth. Became the most powerful family in Europe but could not unite the Holy Roman Empire or even the regions within it.

Answer 58

From 1309-1377. These were the years where the Pope's lived in Avignon, France instead of the Vatican in Italy. Clement V moved the headquarters of the Church here and the next 6 Popes lived in Avignon, too. During this, other countries lost respect for the church. They felt the popes were being controlled by French kings. Began when Philip IV of France took the pope as prisoner and elected a French one, Clement V.

Answer 59

A period of time (1377-1417) where the church had 2-3 Popes. The church was divided into opposing groups. Each Pope had the support of certain national rulers and their people and clergy. In 1417 the Counsel of Constance ended the Great Schism by removing the Italian and French popes and calling a single Italian Pope. Weakened the authority of the Pope, and the criticism of the Church.

Answer 60

In the late 1300s, was a priest and teacher at Oxford University. Attacked the wealth of the Church and the immorality of some of its clergy. Did not believe in the absolute power of the pope. Wanted to replace the authority of the Church and wanted to allow people to read and interpret scripture for themselves, without church intervention. Accused by the church of being a heretic. Taken to court, banned from teaching, and forced to retire. Set the stage for later reformers who would radically alter the history of the Christian church

Answer 61

A religious reformer and teacher at the University of Prague. Read and agreed with Wycliffes works. Also considered a heretic. He was excommunicated and ordered to die. Burned at the stake the following year. Set the stage for later reformers who would radically alter the history of the Christian church.

Middle Ages Flashcards

(85 cards)