Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology Shared Deck > Mid Year Review Part 2 > Flashcards

Mid Year Review Part 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What monomers are needed to build a protein?

A

Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What part distinguishes one amino acid from another amino acid?

A

The R-group distinguishes one amino acid from another amino acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Primary (protein structure) and give examples

A

Primary – linear sequence of amino acids for a particular protein (like the sequence of letters that make up a particular word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What characteristic is crucial for the proper functioning of a protein?

A

Shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does “denaturing” a protein mean?

A

Shape has been disrupted by some means (usually excessive heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name of the bond that holds two amino acids together?

A

Peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most enzymes are what type of macromolecule?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What term describes when an enzyme’s (or any protein’s) shape is disrupted?

A

Denaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes?

A

To catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions by lowering the barrier of activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name of the region on the enzyme that binds to the substrate?

A

Active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does it mean that enzymes have an optimal temperature and an optimal pH?

A

Optimal temp and optimal pH refer to the range of temperatures and pH a particular enzyme will work best in. Outside the range the enzyme will decrease in terms of how it can perform. (Slow down or denature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are competitive and noncompetive inhibition the same? How are they different?

A

They are similar in that the decrease an enzyme’s activity by interfering with the binding of substrate to the active site.
They are different because a competitive inhibitor will plug up an active site and block substrate from getting in while a noncompetitive inhibitor will bind to a site other than the active site. But by binding to that other site, the shape of the active site will change and prevent substrate from binding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are enzymes used up in a chemical reaction?

A

No; they can be used over and over again to speed up specific chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do enzymes normally participate as a reactant or product in a chemical reaction?

A

Neither

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Like all proteins, an enzyme’s function is highly dependent upon its _____________________.

A

Shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Enzymes speed up chemical reaction by lowering _________________.

A

Activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why would a substance resist spontaneous breakdown?

A

Barrier of activation energy is too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

I want to know whether a particular inhibitor acts by competition or noncompetition. If I add more substrate, I will only affect ______________________ inhibition.

A

competitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does it mean if an enzyme is saturated?

A

All active sites of the enzyme are occupied (“saturated”) with substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If an enzyme is saturated and I want a faster yield of product, what can I do?

A

Add more enzyme (because this will increase the number of available of active sites).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase (G1, S/DNA synthesis, G2) and Mitotic phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA content of the cell double?

A

S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Identify the major events of Prophase

A

centrioles move apart; formation of mitotic spindle; chromatin starting to condense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Identify the major events of Prometaphase

A

mitotic spindle fully formed; sister chromatids are visible; nuclear membrane is broken down and nucleolus has disappeared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Identify the major events of Metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up at equator of cell (metaphase plate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Identify the major events of Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate

28
Q

Identify the major events of Telophase

A

spindle breaks down; nuclear envelope reforms; nucleoli reappear; chromosomes unwind and are going back to chromatin (prophase in reverse)

29
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

happens just after telophase and divides cytoplasm to newly created cells

30
Q

What is a cleavage furrow?

A

The pinching in of the cell at the conclusion of mitosis; the pinching in results in a groove; only present in animal cell mitosis

31
Q

What happens in G1?

A

DNA content has not doubled

32
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA content is in the process of doubling

33
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

DNA content and cytoplasm is in the process of dividing itself

34
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

35
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

matrix of mitochondria

36
Q

Where does the Oxidative Phosphorylation take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

37
Q

Can glycolysis proceed with oxygen or without oxygen?

A

It can proceed with or without oxygen

38
Q

What is the starting substance of glycolysis?

A

Glucose

39
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

40
Q

What does the energy investment phase of glycolysis refer to? What does the energy payoff phase of glycolysis refer to?

A

The first half of glycolysis and its reactions require the use of 2 ATP molecules while the second half of glycolysis produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH; you invest energy in the beginning of glycolysis but the second half pays off by gaining 4 ATP and 2 NADH

41
Q

List three reasons why glycolysis is considered an ancient metabolic pathway?

A

Happens virtually in all cells,
Does not require oxygen,
Does not take place in an organelle

42
Q

Pyruvate is oxidized to this molecule if it enters the mitochondria.

A

Acetyl CoA

43
Q

What molecule is found at the end of the ETC and is the ultimate acceptor of electrons when they finish their journey along the ETC?

A

oxygen

44
Q

Where do we find the ETC proteins?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

45
Q

Detail the steps of oxidative phosphorylation.

A
  1. NADH or FADH2 drop off electrons to first protein of ETC
  2. electrons are passed along the ETC releasing energy to actively transport hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space
  3. a concentration gradient of H+ ions is built up; high H+ exist in the intermembrane space and low H+ exists in the matrix
  4. H+ comes back to matrix via facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase
  5. Hydrogen ions going through ATP synthase provide ATP synthase energy needed to make ATP
46
Q

Hydrogen ions are actively transported to the _____________________ from the ___________.

A

intermembrane space; matrix

47
Q

Where is ATP synthase located?

A

Inner membrane

48
Q

What products are made as a result of yeast cells undergoing fermentation?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

49
Q

What products are made as result of animal cells undergoing fermentation, resulting in muscle fatigue and soreness?

A

Lactic Acid

50
Q

What is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis?

A

Water

51
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy that drives photosystem?

A

Light energy

52
Q

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

Thylakoid membranes

53
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

Stroma

54
Q

What are the products of the light reactions?

A

ATP, NADPH, oxygen

55
Q

What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Sugar, ADP, NADP+

56
Q

Why do most plants appear green to our eyes?

A

Green light is reflected by chlorophyll a

57
Q

What light is least effective for driving photosynthesis?

A

Green

58
Q

Identify some accessory plant pigments. What is the purpose of accessory plant pigments?

A

Chlorophyll b, carotenoids; to absorb light that chlorophyll can’t

59
Q

What pigment is found in the photosystem’s reaction center?

A

Chlorophyll a

60
Q

What replaces electrons that leave PSII?

A

Water (splitting it to release electrons as well as oxygen)

61
Q

What replaces electrons that leave PSI?

A

The electrons that travel down the ETC from PSII

62
Q

Do humans have chloroplasts?

A

no

63
Q

Do plants have mitochondria?

A

yes

64
Q

Define Secondary (protein structure) and give examples

A

Secondary – folds and coils due to hydrogen bonding (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)

65
Q

Define Tertiary (protein structure) and give examples

A

Tertiary – overall 3-D shape of protein (includes hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, covalent bonds)

66
Q

Define Quaternary (protein structure) and give examples

A

Quaternary – two or more polypeptides interacting together (like collagen or hemoglobin)

AP Biology Shared Deck (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions