Mid Year Review Part 1

Question 1

What distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell? What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic has no membrane bound organelles. Both have ribosomes

Question 2

How do you tell apart a plant cell from an animal cell? What do they have in common?

Answer 2

PLANT- cell wall, choloplast, central vacuole
ANIMAL- presence of centrioles
BOTH- cell membrane, nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi body

Question 3

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 3

make rRNA which makes part of ribosome

Question 4

What organelles contain DNA?

Answer 4

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Question 5

What type of protein is made by a free ribosome? a bound ribosome?

Answer 5

FREE make proteins that remain in cytoplasm

BOUND make protein that’ll be secreted by cell or become part of membrane

Question 6

What organelle is critical in making ATP?

Answer 6

Mitochondria

Question 7

What benefit do mitochondria derive from having cristae?

Answer 7

increase in surface area for inner membrane, allows more copies of ETC and ATP synthase to be placed into membrane (results in more ATP production)

Question 8

What two factors limit how big a cell can grow? What ratio is critical in determining the efficiency of a cell in absorbing nutrition and getting rid of waste?

Answer 8

Surface area and Volume; SA/V

Question 9

What types of transport involve a substance going down (high to low) its concentration gradient?

Answer 9

Passive transport (Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion)

Question 10

What types of transport involve a substance going against (low to high) concentration gradient?

Answer 10

Active transport

Question 11

What type of transport requires the hydrolysis of ATP to provide energy?

Answer 11

Active transport

Question 12

What forms of cellular transport require proteins?

Answer 12

Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport

Question 13

How does a cell export solid materials?

Answer 13

Exocytosis

Question 14

What is endocytosis? Name the three types

Answer 14

Bulk transport of material into a cell;
Phagocytosis (cell engulfing and eating)
Pinocytosis (cell drinking and droplet like particles
Receptor mediated endocytosis (bring in a specific substance by use of a receptor

Question 15

What does the term “selectively permeable” mean? What type of molecule passes easily through the membrane? What type of molecule has difficulty in passing through the membrane?

Answer 15

Allows some things to come through easily and prevents others from crossing easily. Small and nonpolar pass easily. Large, polar and ionic have difficulty.

Question 16

What is the function of the cell surface oligosaccharides?

Answer 16

cell to cell recognition; distinguish own cells from foreign

Question 17

What’s a common characteristic of all lipids?

Answer 17

Hate water (hydrophobic)

Question 18

What’s the structural difference between a saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 18

Saturated have no double bonds. Unsaturated have at least one double bond

Question 19

What are some characteristics that distinguish saturated and unsaturated?

Answer 19

Saturated are usually animal fats, solid at room temperature (butter and lard) and lead to health problems. Unsaturated are usually vegetable oils, liquid at room temperature, healthy for diets.

Question 20

What are the components of a phospholipid?

Answer 20

Phosphate group, one glycerol, 2 fatty acid tails

Question 21

Diet high in saturated fats leads to an increase rick of what disease?

Answer 21

Heart disease

Question 22

What type of lipids are sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen?

Answer 22

Steroids

Question 23

Types of cells that can respond to electrical signals

Answer 23

nerve cells, muscle cells (including cardiac cells)

Question 24

Neurons mainly communicate with what 3 different types of tissues?

Answer 24

other neurons, muscle cells, cells that make up glands

Question 25

What structures are responsible for receiving and integrating incoming messages for the neuron?

Answer 25

Dendrites and cell body

Question 26

What structure serves to conduct the nerve impulse (aka action potential)?

Answer 26

axon

Question 27

Name the gap between two neurons

Answer 27

synaptic cleft

Question 28

What are axon terminals?

Answer 28

terminal branch of an axon where synaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis to release neurotransmitter molecule

Question 29

The name of the fatty white material that surrounds some axons

Answer 29

myelin

Question 30

What cell makes myelin?

Answer 30

Schwann cells

Question 31

The gaps on axon between myelin are called…

Answer 31

node of ranvier

Question 32

What numerical value is given to resting membrane potential?

Answer 32

-70 mV

Question 33

What two ions are mainly responsible in the change in voltage during an action potential?

Answer 33

Sodium and Potassium

Question 34

Describe the movement of Sodium ions and Potassium ions during action potential

Answer 34

Sodium rushes in while potassium rushes out

Question 35

What structure allows for a charged particle to move across the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

Answer 35

ion channels (voltage gated)

Question 36

What place on the neuron does the action potential begin?

Answer 36

Axon hillock

Question 37

What’s the threshold value for the action potential to occur?

Answer 37

-55 mV

Question 38

The rising phase of the action potential is also called….

Answer 38

depolarization

Question 39

Phase used with respect to the threshold value and the occurrence of an action potential

Answer 39

all or nothing

Question 40

What happens to sodium gates during depolarization?

Answer 40

Open up

Question 41

What happens to sodium gates during the peak of the action potential?

Answer 41

Start to inactive

Question 42

During what phase of the action potential are potassium gates fully open?

Answer 42

Repolarization

Question 43

Explain how TTX affects the action potential.

Answer 43

TTX binds to sodium ion channels and prevents entry of sodium ions into the neuron. This prevent neuron from being able to reach threshold and depolarizing (no action potential)

Question 44

How can TTX ingestion bring about the symptom of numbness?

Answer 44

Sensory input received and sent to central nervous system is decreased due to fact that sensory neurons are not able to depolarize and undergo action potentials (they can’t fire up)

Question 45

How can TTX ingestion bring about the symptom of paralysis?

Answer 45

Motor output sent out to muscles is decreased due to fact that motor neurons are not able to depolarize and undergo action potentials (they can’t fire up). No motor output will result in no communication to muscle hindering their movement.