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TOXICOLOGY 2 > Mid way > Flashcards

Mid way Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes “abuse” of a substance?

a. drug-seeking behavior.
b. a definite pattern of use.
c. continued use of the drug despite negative consequences.
d. to experience compulsion of use.

A

C. Continued use of a drug despite negative consequences

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2
Q

Which statement about cocaine is NOT True?
a. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters from aminergic nerve terminals.
b. It blocks the reuptake of amine neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft into the presynaptic nerve
terminal.
c. Cocaine is the only naturally occurring topical anesthetic with powerful vasoconstriction effects.
d. Injecting cocaine gets to the brain faster than smoking cocaine.

A

D. Injecting cocaine gets it to the brian faster than smoking cocaine

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3
Q

Drug dependence by addicts has been intensified due to

a. development of more efficient and faster ways of putting drugs into the body.
b. more people discovering numerous plants that are psychoactive. c. mixingalkaloidsandpsychoactivedrugs.
d. none of the above.

A

A. Development of more efficient and faster ways of putting drugs into the body

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4
Q

The psychoactive substance that is produced by fermentation of grains is

a. opium
b. cocaine.
c. alcohol.
d. Tobacco.

A

C. Alcohol

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5
Q

Which of the following plants do not contain caffeine?

a. poppy
b. coca
c. guarana
d. tea

A

A. Poppy

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6
Q

Lime chewed with coca leaves facilitates absorption of cocaine across the oral mucosa by:

a. releasing more cocaine from the leaves
b. alkalinizing saliva so that more cocaine is in the unionized form
c. softening the oral mucosa to facilitate movement ofcocaine into the blood
d. destroying salivary enzymes that normally detoxify some of the cocaine

A

B. alkalinizing saliva so that more cocaine is in the unionized form

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7
Q

A common drug used to manage pain, hydrocodone, is classified as a/an

a. stimulant
b. sedative
c. opiate
d. hallucinogen

A

C. Opiate

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8
Q

The Reward/Reinforcement network in the brain is a/an _________________ system.

a. cholinergic
b. adrenergic
c. dopaminergic
d. serotoninergic

A

C. Dopaminergic

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9
Q

The hallucinogenic component in marijuana is which of the following substances?

a. delta-9 THC
b. cocaethylene
c. ascorbic acid
d. oxygenated cocaine

A

A. Delta-9 THC

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10
Q

The discovery of brain chemicals that acted like psychoactive drugs led to

a. more understanding of the process of addiction.
b. more understanding of the process of mental illness.
c. new uses of therapeutic drugs to treat addiction and withdrawal states.
d. all of the above.

A

d. All of the above

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11
Q

Snorting which of the following can result in perforation of the nasal septum without the abuser feeling pain?

a. opium
b. cocaine
c. amphetamines
d. caffeine

A

B. cocaine

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12
Q

Medications used to manage psychiatric conditions:

a. work primarily on the endocrine system.
b. are actually powerful pain killers.
c. are used to rebalance irregular brain chemistry.
d. have no significant side effects.

A

c. Are used to rebalance irregular brain chemistry

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13
Q

Which of the following routes of administration allows for the fastest effects on the brain?

a. injecting
b. inhaling
c. oralingestion
d. transdermal absorption

A

B. Inhaling

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14
Q

Upon intra-venous injection, drug effects on the brain occur______________?

a. instantly
b. in 7-10 seconds
c. in 15 to 30 seconds
d. in 3 to 5 minutes

A

C. 15-30 seconds

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15
Q

The main barrier that drugs have to cross to affect the CNS is the

a. blood-brain barrier.
b. aorta barrier.
c. lymphaticbarrier.
d. drug-brain barrier.

A

A. Blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

Which of the following is a function of the new brain?

a. emotional memories
b. drug craving
c. heartrate
d. creativity

A

D. creativity

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17
Q

Which is NOT a type of tolerance?

a. select tolerance
b. pharmacodynamic tolerance
c. delayed tolerance
d. dispositional tolerance

A

c. Delayed tolerance

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18
Q

Which is a NOT a desired effect of psychoactive drugs?

a. to alleviate emotional pain
b. to get energy
c. togetarush
d. to increase depression

A

D. to increase depression

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19
Q

Which is NOT TRUE regarding the cardiovascular effects of cocaine use?

a. Tolerance develops in the same time frame as for the euphoric effects .
b. It raises the risk of cardiac arrhythmias by increasing the heart rate.
c. It can cause hypertension by constricting the peripheral blood vessels.
d. It can weaken the walls of the blood vessels and cause a stroke.

A

A. Tolerance develops in the same time frame as or the euphoric effects

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20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of long-term abuse of cocaine?

a. formication
b. dental erosions
c. severe weight gain
d. seizures

A

C. severe weight gain

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21
Q

Which of the following is correct for crack cocaine?

a. It has a higher melting point than powdered cocaine.
b. It is more water-soluble than powdered cocaine
c. Users are able to get a much higher dose into their brain over a shorter period of time than
with powdered cocaine.
d. None of the above is True

A

C. users are able to get a much higher dose into their brain over a shorter period of time than with powdered cocaine

22
Q

Which of the following has NOT been a use for amphetamines?

a. to treat narcolepsy
b. to relax muscles
c. tostayawake
d. to reduce appetite

A

B. to relax muscles

23
Q

Ice is to methamphetamine as _______ is to cocaine.

a. alcohol
b. heroin
c. crack
d. marijuana

A

C. crack

24
Q

Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?

a. GHB
b. betel nuts
c. khat
d. ma huang

A

A. GHB

25
Q

Which of the following is NOT True concerning nicotine?

a. Nicotine suppresses appetite.
b. Nicotine increases metabolism.
c. Nicotine produces a rapid tolerance response.
d. A chew of tobacco puts less nicotine into the bloodstream than one smoked cigarette.

A

A. A chew of tobacco puts less nicotine into the bloodstream than one smoked cigarette

26
Q

The drug that most effectively suppresses the actions of the neurotransmitter, Substance P, is:

a. aspirin.
b. cocaine.
c. heroin.
d. morphine.

A

D. Morphine

27
Q

Which is a possible deadly side effect of intravenous drug abuse?

a. hyperventilation
b. tachycardia
c. convulsions
d. HIV infection

A

D. HIV infection

28
Q

The most common medical use of opioids is

a. anxiety control.
b. emphysema.
c. analgesia.
d. tumor suppression.

A

C. analgesia

29
Q

Which is an effect of sedative-hypnotics?

a. controls skeletal muscular spasms
b. increased muscular coordination
c. rapid speech
d. increased inhibitions

A

A. controls skeletal muscular spasms

30
Q

Sedative-hypnotic withdrawal symptoms can include

a. fluid in the lungs.
b. high blood pressure.
c. rapidheartbeat
d. convulsions.

A

d. Convulsions

31
Q

Atropine (an anti-muscarinic), used to mask the signs of narcotic use, will cause which of the following effects?

a. bradycardia
b. mydriasis
c. miosis
d. mitosis

A

A. bradycardia

32
Q

One of the reasons that GHB and Rohypnol® are similar to alcohol is their

a. effect on the liver.
b. legality.
c. solubility.
d. disinhibitory effect.

A

d. disinhibitory effect

33
Q

Psychoactive drugs have been used throughout history to:

a. Induce an altered state of consciousness
b. alter one’s mood and change perceptions
c. Reducepainorenhancesenses
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

d. All of the above

34
Q

Narcotics will not cause which of the following?

a. Cheyne-Stokes respiration
b. Diarrhea
c. Projectilevomiting
d. Miosis

A

b. Diarrhea

35
Q

Hypodermic injection of drugs bypasses natural protective barriers of the body and adds the danger of

a. infections.
b. psychosis.
c. cancer.
d. none of the above.

A

A. infection

36
Q

Prior to the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, OTC patent medicines were loaded with three of the following psychoactive substances - which is the exception?

a. cocaine
b. opium/morphine
c. amphetamine
d. alcohol

A

c. amphetamine

37
Q

Ingestion of poisonous mushrooms that have muscarine will cause which of the following effects?

a. Increased heart rate
b. hyperventilation
c. hyperthermia
d. diarrhea

A

d. diarrhea

38
Q

Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?

a. khat
b. betel nuts
c. ephedra
d. psilocybin

A

d. psilocybin

39
Q

Large doses and overuse of stimulants can cause

a. anxiety and paranoia.
b. anger and aggressiveness.
c. jitterinessandpsychosis
d. all of the above.

A

D. all of the above

40
Q

The faster a psychoactive drug reaches its target in the CNS the

a. fewer side effects it will have.
b. greater its reinforcing effect.
c. faster it is metabolized.
d. less tolerance is encountered.

A

b. greater its reinforcing effect

41
Q

A developing fetus is very vulnerable to psychoactive drugs because

A. the placental barrier provides no protection.
B. their brain cells are much more fragile than adult brain cells.
C. at birth they have fewer brain cells than adults.
D. the blood­brain barrier is still not completely formed.

A

A. the placental barrier provides no protection

42
Q

Addiction memories including euphoric recall are orchestrated by the

A. medulla oblongata of the brain stem
B. cerebellum
C. old brain
D. new brain

A

c. old brain

  • survival adaptations
  • in drug abusers the old brain overrides the new brain
43
Q

Cravings to use psychoactive drugs resides primarily in the

A. medulla oblongata of the brain stem
B. cerebellum
C. old brain
D. new brain

A

C. Old brain

  • When you get your fix, the nucleus accumbens will say thank you
  • New brain: societal restraints and inhibitions mediated by new brain
44
Q

Tolerance means

A. adaptation of the body to greater and greater amounts of a drug.
B. an acceptance of drug use by one’s peers.
C. a physical reaction to cessation of drug use.
D. the ability of a drug to not interfere with the action of another drug.

A

A. Adaptation of the body to greater and greater amounts of a drug

45
Q

In addition to heredity, what other two factors have a major role in creating a vulnerability to develop substance dependency?

A. low intelligence and low level of education achievement
B. morality (willful misconduct) and character disorders
C. environment and use of psychoactive substances or participation in compulsive behaviors
D. ethnicity and low social/economic status

A

C. environment and use of psychoactive substances or participation in compulsive behaviours

46
Q

Children are more vulnerable than adults to the effects of drugs because they have less blood in their circulatory system and their organs are immature.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

47
Q

Craving to use psychoactive drugs is primarily a new brain activity

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

  • Old brain activity
48
Q

The blood­brain barrier does not become fully functional until about two years of age.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

49
Q

The neurotransmitter most responsible for stimulating the reward/reinforcement center is GABA.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

inhibitory neurotransmitter that is essential for the proper function of your brain and the central nervous system, and has the effect of reducing excessive brain activity and promoting a state of calm.

50
Q

Withdrawal from amphetamines will cause seizures.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

TOXICOLOGY 2 (7 decks)

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