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personality psychology > Mid Tri Exam > Flashcards

Mid Tri Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

BASIC APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY

A

Trait approach - Conceptualization of individual differences

Biological approach - genetics

Psychoanalytic approach - unconscious mind

Phenomenological approach - Conscious awareness and experience

Learning and cognitive Approaches - social learning theory

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2
Q

Funder Psychological triad

A

The three essential topics of psychology: how people think, how they feel, and how they behave

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3
Q

Trait approach

A

The theoretical view of personality that focuses on individual differences in personality and behaviour, and the psychological processes behind them.

Conceptualization of individual differences
Measurement of individual differences
Consequences of individual differences
Personality development
Personality change

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4
Q

Biological approach

A

The view of personality that focuses on the way behaviour and personality are influenced by neuroanatomy, biochemistry, genetics, and evolution.

  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Genetics
  • Evolution
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5
Q

Psychoanalytic approach

A

The theoretical view of personality, based on the writings of Sigmund Freud, that emphasises the unconscious processes of the mind.

Unconscious mind
Internal mental conflict

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6
Q

Phenomenological approach

A

The theoretical view of personality that emphasises experience, free will, and the meaning of life. Closely related to humanistic psychology and existentialism.

  • Conscious awareness and experience
  • Free will
  • Humanistic psychology
  • Cross-cultural psychology
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7
Q

Learning and cognitive Approaches

A

The theoretical view that focuses on how behaviour changes as a function of rewards and punishments; also called behaviourism.

  • Behaviorism
  • Social learning theory
  • Cognitive personality psychology
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8
Q

basic approach (to personality)

A

A theoretical view of personality that focuses on some phenomena and ignores others. The basic approaches are trait, biological, psychoanalytic, phenomenological, learning, and cognitive (the last two being closely related).

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9
Q

Learning

A

In behaviourism, a change in behaviour as a result of experience.

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10
Q

Funder’s First Law

A

Great strengths are usually great weaknesses, and surprisingly often the opposite is true as well.

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11
Q

Funder’s Second Law

A

There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues and clues are always ambiguous

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12
Q

Funder’s Third Law

A

Something beats nothing, two times out of three

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13
Q

The Goals of Personality Psychology

A

Personality psychology’s unique mission is to address the psychological triad of thought, feeling, and behaviour, and to try to explain the functioning of whole individuals. This is an impossible mission, however, so different approaches to personality must limit themselves by emphasising different psychological topics.

Personality psychology can be organised into five basic approaches: trait, biological, psychoanalytic, phenomenological, and learning and cognitive processes. Each addresses certain aspects of human psychology quite well and ignores others. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are probably inseparable.

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14
Q

Pigeonholing Versus Appreciation of Individual Differences

A

Sometimes regarded as a field that seeks to pigeonhole people, personality psychology’s real mission is to appreciate the ways in which each individual is unique.

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15
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

the approach to personality that emphasises aspects of psychology that are distinctly human. Closely related to the phenomenological approach and existentialism

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16
Q

B.L.I.S

A

4 types of personality clues
B-data (Behavioural observations)
L-data (Life outcomes)
I-data (Informant’s reports)
S-data (Self-reports)

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16
Q

B-data - Behavioural observations (Natural B data)

A

The most visible indication of an individual’s personality is what they do
Real life, diary, experience-sampling, observations, lab
EAR: electronically activated recorder wearable cameras; ambulatory assessment
Social media
Highly realistic

Difficulty, time consuming, context dependent

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17
Q

L-data - Life outcomes

A

verifiable , concrete, real-life facts that may hold psychological significance
Obtained from archives & self report
The results of residue or personality: how a person has affected the world
Objective and verifiable; intrinsically important; psychologically relevant

Highly multi-determined

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18
Q

I data - informant reports

A

Judgements by knowledgeable informants about general attributes of the individuals personality
No training or expertise needed
Tied into reputation & behaviour
Large amounts of information; real-world basil takes context into account

Can be based on limited information; biassed by rater

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19
Q

S data - self report or judgement

A

A personas evaluation of their own personality
Usually questionnaires or rating scales
Self rating often match descriptions from others
High face validity
Easy to get; based on lots of information;. Definitional truth; casual force

Self presentation bias; error; too simple and too easy

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20
Q

Personality judgements

A

First impressions
Visible signs of personality

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21
Q

What influences our accuracy of personality judgements

A

Moderators
- Good judge
- Good target
- Goodtrait
- Good information

Reality accuracy model

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22
Q

Research Design

A

The plan one uses for gathering psychological data is the research design.

methods:
- Case
- Experimental
- Correlational

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23
Q

Case studies

A

examine particular phenomena or individuals in detail, and can be an important source of new ideas.

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24
Q

correlational and experimental studies

A

to test ideas gathered by case studies

Each method has advantages and disadvantages, but the experimental method is the only one that can be used to determine causality.

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25
Q

Consequences of everyday personality judgments

A

opportunities

expectancies:
- Intellectual expectancy effects
- Social expectancy effects
- Expectancy effects in real life

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26
Q

The accuracy of personality judgement

A

Moderators of accuracy
- The good judge
- The good target
- The good trait
- Good information
- Amount of information

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27
Q

Realistic accuracy model (RAM)

A
  1. Relevance - person does something relevant to that trait being judged
  2. Availability - the information must be available to a judge
  3. Detection - the judge must detect this information
  4. Utilisation - the judge must utilise this information accordingly

Implications:
- Personality judgement is difficult
- Moderators of accuracy must be a result of something that happens at one of more of the stages

28
Q

Improving self-knowledge of judging personality

A
  • introspection
  • Seek feedback from others
  • Observe your own behaviour
29
Q

personality measures are developed

A

Psychologists have 2 assessment measures
- Projective tests
- Objective tests

30
Q

Projective tests

A

assume self report is generally invalid
- Rorschach (ink blot)
- Thematic apperception tests (TAT)

31
Q

Objective tests

A

assume self report is generally valid
- Questionnaires & rating scales

Lists of items answered either true-false or by ratings on scales
Objective tests rely on principle of aggregation - averages increase:
- stability
- reliability

32
Q

Constructing objective tests

A
  • Rational method
  • Factor analytic method
  • Empirical method
33
Q

Rational method

A
  • Based on theory or proposed construct
  • Items provide S data
  • Validity depends on
    • Items mean same thing to creator and respondent
    • Respondent can & is willing to accurately assess
    • Items genuinely relate to construct
34
Q

Factor analytic method

A
  1. Use statistical technique of factor analysis to find groups of similar items
    - Requires long list of potential items, administered to many respondents
    - Factor analysis identifies groups of items based on correlations
    - Groups of similar items are interpreted & named
  2. Validity depends on
    - Number and quality of initial items
    - Interpretation of factors (which don’t always make sense)
  3. Used to reduce item lists to essential few to refine tests
35
Q

Empirical method

A
  • Choose items based on responses of pre identified groups
  • Gather and administer lots of items to different groups
  • Compare answers from different groups
  • Cross-validation by prediction of category, behaviour, etc

validity
- Difficult to fake but items can seem odd or nonsensical
- Can be problematic for discrimination & other reasons

36
Q

Personality tests

A

Validity - coverage of correct underlying construct
Reliability - consistency in measurement

37
Q

Rorschach test

A

Projective test

38
Q

California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

A

Objective test, similar to the MMPI but used for “normal people”

39
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

Projective test

40
Q

Draw a person test

A

Projective test

41
Q

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

A

Objective test used in the clinical assessment of individuals with psychological difficulties, also been used for employment screening

42
Q

16PF or the strong vocational interest blank (SVIB)

A

used to help people choose careers

43
Q

Traits

A

personality traits are something that produces consistent behaviour

44
Q

Personality trait

A
  • elatively enduring characteristics
  • A pattern of behaviour, thinking or feeling that is
  • Consistent across a range of situations
  • Varies between people

Understanding traits is important to us a knowing someone’s trait can be used to
- Predict behaviour
- Understand behaviour

45
Q

The single trait approach

A
  • Examines the link between personality and behaviour by asking what do people like to do
  • This research approach investigates the behavioural implications of traits of particular interest.
  • The original scale (Snyder, 1974) had 25 items, but it was refined later to this 18-item scale designed to more precisely capture the core construct (Gangestad & Snyder, 1985).
46
Q

The many trait approach

A
  • Works from the opposite direction, beginning with the (implicit) research question - who does that?
  • Research the behaviour of interest with long lists of traits intended to cover a wide range
  • Determine which traits correlate with the specific behaviour
47
Q

The typological approach

A
  • Research strategy that focuses on identifying types of individuals
  • Each type is characterised by a particular pattern of traits
48
Q

The essential trait approach

A

The lexical hypothesis - lead to the dev of the Big Five Model of personality

The idea that, if people find something is important, they will develop a
word for it, and therefore the major personality traits will have
synonymous terms in many different languages.

Lexical hypothesis - the most important features of personality will become encoded within natural languages

49
Q

THE BIG FIVE (OCEAN)

A

Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional stability (neuroticism)
Openness to experience

50
Q

HEXACO

A

honesty-humility (H), emotionality (E), extraversion (X), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C), and openness (O)

51
Q

The maladjusted over controlling

A

person is too uptight for his own good, denying himself
pleasure needlessly, and being difficult to deal with on an interpersonal level.

52
Q

The maladjusted under controlling

A

person has the reverse problem. She is too impulsive, prone to be involved in activities such as crime and unsafe sex, and tends to wreak general havoc on other people and herself.

53
Q

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A

is given to millions of people every year in workplaces, schools, counselling
centres, and management workshops. And not for free. The MBTI is a big business, with certified trainers and a network of marketers selling it as an ideal guide for career guidance and self-development.

The test is intended to measure which of two
opposing tendencies, in four pairs, better characterise you. The four
pairs are Extroversion (E) vs. Introversion (I), Sensing (S) vs. Intuition
(N), Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F), and Judgment (J) vs. Perception (P).

There is still a use for Personality Types

54
Q

Extroversion/Introversion

A

Social, chatty, outgoing, dominant,adventurous, exuberant
Linked with
Status
Popularity
Attractiveness
Positive emotions
Sensitive to rewards and positive emotions
Some differences across theories

55
Q

Neuroticism (emotional stability)

A

Stressed versus calm; negative versus positive effect; volatile versus phlegmatic
Less effectiveness in social problem-solving
Linked with happiness/sadness, health, and well being
Strength of reactions to stress
Sensitivity to threats & social circumstances

56
Q

Conscientiousness

A

integrity , trustworthiness, reliability, diligence
Tends to comply with rules, standards, norms
Closely negatively associated with procrastination

57
Q

Agreeableness

A

Social conformity & compliance with others; friendliness; likeability; warmth
Cooperative approach to social relationships
Less likely to be bullied
Seen as well adjusted tend to enjoy dates more; healthy

58
Q

Openness to experience

A

Least well defined FFM
Linked with
Creativity
curiosity
Inventiveness
Linked with unusual beliefs

59
Q

The person-situation debate

A

behaviour is too inconsistent from one
situation to the next to allow individual differences to be characterised
accurately in terms of broad personality traits.

Do traits make a difference

Traits are not the only factors that control our behaviour
Situations are important
Which is more important for determining what people do
The person or the situation
Situationism:belie that behaviour is largely driven by the situation, and the personality is relatively unimportant

60
Q

The situationist argument

A

The definitive test of the usefulness of a personality trait is whether it can be used to predict behaviour

61
Q

interactionism

A

The principle that aspects of personality and of situations work
together to determine behaviour; neither has an effect by itself, nor
is one more important than the other.

62
Q

Situationist argument 1: Predictability

A

Substantial limits of the strength of prediction of behaviour by personality
Personality- behaviour or personality- outcome, correlations rarely exceed .30 or .40

The study showed some cherry picking
Showed 70% accuracy
The .40 limit is actually not too bad

Substantial practical consequences for education, employment, life-expectancy

63
Q

Situationist argument 2: power of the situation

A

SItuationalism
Mischel argued that situation have bigger effects on behaviour than do traits
The rational:
If personality (r=.40) accounts for 16% of variance in behaviour, the 84% is due to the situation
Think of:
Stanford prison experiment
Milgram’s electric shock experiments
Asch’s social conformity experiments

responses
Situations & traits are not independent
Situational effects were evaluated by statistical significance: trait effects were compared by effect size
Also, many of the famous “obedience” and conformity studies used to support situationism have been criticised

64
Q

Situationist argument 3: person perceptions are erroneous

A

Everyday intuitions about personality are fundamentally flawed
Professional practice of personality assessment is a waste of time

Response
Effects of personality on behaviour are large enough to be perceived accurately
I-data is reliably associated with important outcomes
Traits are clearly reflected in our language

65
Q

Person’s and situations

A

Personality is better for describing people over time
Situations are better for describing people within context
What you find depends on
The questions you ask
How you construct research
Partition variance
Effects of traits can depend on situations & vice-versa (person situation interaction)
Even in the strongest demonstrations of situational control, traits influence behaviour

66
Q

Extreme situationism

A

Everybody is equal - all differences are due to situational influences
The situation is all powerful
nothing is the fault of the individual
All problems can be solved by changing the context

67
Q

Extreme trait-thinking

A

Behaviour is solely determined by traits
Trias are all powerful
Nothing is the fault of society
All problems can be solved by weeding out ill-fitting, unworthy individuals

68
Q

Resolving the trait situation debate

A

Personality is maintained while persons adapt to situations
To understand people, we need to explain how both traits and context affect behaviour, simultaneously

personality psychology (2 decks)

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