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Mid-terms Flashcards

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0
Q

Please list two early psychologists and briefly give a description of each.

A
  1. Ivan Pavlov- Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning, via classical conditioning
  2. William James-American Psychologist; came up with pragmatism
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1
Q

Name on of the Ancient Greek philosophers who dabbled in psychology.

A

Plato

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2
Q

What is the definition of family violence?

A

Physical and emotional abuse that occurs within a family structure

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3
Q

What is the most common form of abuse?

A

Neglect

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4
Q

Give a reason why families are violent.

A

Families either spend too much time together, or not enough time together.

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5
Q

In what age range does most child abuse occur?

A

0-5 years old

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6
Q

List 3 physical indicators of child abuse.

A
  1. Bald Spots
  2. Unexplained burns in the shape of cigarettes, irons etc.
  3. Human bite marks
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7
Q

What are the 4 guides for detection of child abuse?

A
  1. Location- where is it?
  2. What does the injury look like?
  3. The repetition of the injury
  4. A correlation between the injury and story of the injury
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8
Q

If a child has bruise that is yellowish in color, about how old is the bruise?

A

7-10 days

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9
Q

What is Muchausen by Proxy?

A

A fictius disease where a parent diagnoses a fake disease to their child in order to get medical treatment

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10
Q

What is a characteristic of a child physical abuser?

A
  • poor parenting/coping skills
  • age and gender: 33 year old women
  • social anxiety, depression, aggression, hostility, and/or low self esteem.
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11
Q

What type of fracture is incredibly rare and usually caused by twisting the limb?

A

Spiral

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12
Q

What is the definition of child neglect?

A

Not caring for a child’s needs.

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13
Q

What is a long-term effect of child neglect?

A
  • physical consequences
  • poor relationships
  • slow development
  • intellectually slower
  • poor social skills
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14
Q

List and explain a category of child psychological maltreatment.

A

Isolation- forbidding them from having friends in school and doing extra activities , and only talking to adults if you have to.

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15
Q

What are one of the effects of child psychological maltreatment?

A
  • poor relationships
  • low self-esteem
  • slow development
  • intellectually slower
  • poor social skills
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16
Q

Give a characteristic of a DV abuser.

A
  • Control/Power issues
  • verbally dominant
  • controlling
  • distrusting
  • blames the victim
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17
Q

Give 2 characteristics of psychological abuse and describe them.

A
  1. Verbal dominance-the victims opinion doesn’t matter, and they can’t speak without permission.
  2. Humiliation/Degradation- embarrassing them in front of friends, families, coworkers.
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18
Q

What is the name of the syndrome that is a gradual process of conditioning in which the victim feels both helpless and hopeless and is one of the main reasons people stay?

A

Battered Women Syndrome

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19
Q

What are 2 symptoms of a traumatic event?

A
  1. PTSD- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

2. Fear and distrust- fearing it may happen again.

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20
Q

Give a reason for why women stay.

A

They fearing leaving because they fear their abuser will find them and kill them. They could have tried and failed in the past. Shame, they could feel ashamed for being abuse or even don’t want their abuser to be shamed.

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21
Q

What are the 2 factors that interfere with attachment and increase someone becoming violent?

A
  1. Abandonment Issues

2.

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22
Q

Give one theory of intimate partner violence and describe it.

A

Patriarchy-the man believes he has the right to do whatever he want to with his partner.

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23
Q

Name one of the three theories that William James was responsible for and describe it.

A

Functionalism-the study of how things function, and how that function could be beneficial. It did not concern itself with wether or not something is “right”, there is no correct way.

24
Q

What does cognitive mean?

A

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve info.

25
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

Study of mental life, processes, behaviors, and why the mind does what it does.

26
Q

What is behavior?

A

Anything an organism does

27
Q

What is the phrase that describes subjective experiences such as perceptions, beliefs, thoughts, and feelings?

A

Mental processes

28
Q

Please describe the “nature vs nurture” debate.

A

Nature, states that something is caused because it was inherited through genetics. Nurture, states that something is caused because the environment you grow up in.

29
Q

What are the 3 levels of analysis?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Social-Culture
30
Q

Describe those 3 levels of analysis.

A
  1. Biological-study of someone on a more physical level.
  2. Psychological- study of someone using psychology techniques
  3. Social-Culture- how someone behaves according to the culture, people, and environment they develop in.
31
Q

List two of the current perspectives and describe them.

A
  1. Neuroscience- study of what, how, and why the brain does what it does.
  2. Behavioralism- what behavior an organism does and where they develop it. Observing why and how an organism has a certain behavior.
32
Q

What is the term used to describe the tendency to believ, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it?

A

Hindsight Bias

33
Q

Describe overconfidence.

A

Having an overestimation in ones abilities.

34
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

When something does not have an absolute definition, an operational definition is a definition that can give enough information so that someone could grasp the concept,

35
Q

What is a case study?

A

A study in which you take an individual or small group, and observe them to try and obtain universal answers

36
Q

What is a correlation?

A

When one factor and another factor share something in common that causes them to relate to one another. An assumption is brought from the two factors making them codependent to state the assumption.

37
Q

If I were to conduct an observation of a person in their natural enviroment, what would that be called?

A

Naturalist Observation

38
Q

Give an example of an illusory correlation.

A

Garry ate french fries for lunch, Garry feels tired in the morning. Therefore French fries make Gary tired.

39
Q

Describe the Stanford Prison Experiment.

A

A psychologist brought a couple of young men to the botto. Of the university to tri act a prison. He gave each of them roles, some ballots and other prisoners. He wanted to see how people react to the roles we are given. The “bailiff” started to abuse their power, and the “prisoners” eventually had emotional breakdowns and the experiment had to be shut down after a couple of days

40
Q

What happened in the Milgram Obedience Experiment?

A

A psychologist ,whose parents were Jewish and alive during the holocaust, wanted to test his theory that the Nazi’s must be evil. He brought twelve average people( and two actors) into an experiment where the test would be to shock the actor (not knowing he wasn’t really being shocked) , and wanted to see just how obedient they would be to the authority figure( doctor) after he told them to keep going.

41
Q

What is Criminolgy?

A

Scientific approach to studying crime

42
Q

What is Classical Criminology?

A

A belief in which people make a choice before they commit a crime. They weigh out the pros and cons, and believe that the pleasure they will receive through the crime is a payoff. It’s identifying a common trait in people who commit certain crimes and seeing a correlation between characteristics and crime.

43
Q

What is the study if the shape of the skull and bumps on the head to determine wether those physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior?

A

Phrenology

44
Q

What is an atavistic anomaly?

A

A belief in which criminals are born criminals. They carry more primitive traits, which affects their actions and behavior.

45
Q

Who was Emile Durkheim?

A

One of the most famous sociologists, said crime is a normal part of society. Discovered anomie, norm or role confusion.

46
Q

What view states that people make rational choices when it comes to committing crime?

A

Rational choice

47
Q

What should punishment be in order to deter crime?

A

It must be severe, certain, and swift.

48
Q

What view states that criminal laws are acts that separate the “haves” from the “have nots”?

A

Conflict View

49
Q

What is deviant behavior?

A

Anything that causes social harm. Crime opposes and hurts the general population

50
Q

Give me an example of an instrumental crime?

A

If someone is very poor and unemployed, and he needs money. He robs a bank at gunpoint to obtain that money, to then buy food, pay bills, etc.

51
Q

What age group commits a significantly disproportionate amount of crime?

A

Youths under 18 (specifically teenagers)

52
Q

What is the term used to describe that as people get older, they commit less crime?

A

Aging out

53
Q

What hypothesis stated that crimes committed by women were committed by a few “masculine” females?

A

Masculine Hypothesis

54
Q

What were some of the “feminine” traits that early criminologists said female offenders were missing?

A
  • paternity
  • weakness
  • Low Intelligence
  • Maternity
55
Q

List 2 of the 5 problems crime victims face and describe the .

A
  1. Economic Loss-if someone robs them they lose money they worked on. If someone vandalized and breaks into your home you have to use money to fix the damage; along with the lawyers and days you missed from work in court.
  2. Fear-people are afraid the crime will happen again, afraid of reproductions for reporting or not reporting crimes, or even afraid of the perp themselves.
56
Q

During what time do most serious crimes occur?

A

Summer, in July and August

57
Q

What gender is most likely to be victimized by someone they know?

A

Females

58
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that increase victimization and describe them.

A
  1. Target Vunerability- they can see a physical weakness like looking away, no eye contact, slouched, fidgety, or even a disability.
  2. Target Gratification- killing their victims give them a sense if gratification or pleasure, so they seek them out.
  3. Target Antagonism- they target you out of hate for something you represent to them. An example being if you work in a post office and the criminal hates post officers, they could target you because you work there. You could simply be at the wrong place at the wrong time.

Psychology (4 decks)

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