Mid-Term Test Terms Flashcards
Reification
The mental conversion of a person or abstract concept into a concrete thing
Clash of Civilizations
- A civilization is fundamentally a “cultural entity” linked by cultural characteristics
- Huntington argues that the highest cultural grouping of people & the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species
- Civilizations are linked by language, religion, history and self-identification to that group
Prince Henry the Navigator
- He was a Portuguese explorer, soldier and prince
- Helped initiate the Age of Discovery through a search of new trading partners and Christian allies
- This started for Portuguese fleets exploring southward along the western coast of Africa
- Responsible for Portugal’s influence in the Great Age of Exploration
Eurocentrism
The practice, conscious or otherwise, placing emphasis on European concerns, culture, values at the expense of other cultures.
Atlantic Slave Trade
-Trading of slaves to the New World across the Atlantic Ocean
Columbian Exchange
- Term coined by American historian Alfred W. Crosby
- Would transformed the world
- The exchange was the exchange of goods, materials, animals, and resources between the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia.
- Had positive and negative impacts
Zheng He
- 1371-1435
- He was a court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China’s early Ming Dynasty
- Between 1405-1433, he commanded 7 expeditionary voyages
- Chinese voyages didn’t desire conquest (with well-armored troops), wanted to acquire new technology and resources.
Triangular Trade
- Trade among 3 ports or regions
- Brought in new resources, and goods, and the transportation of slaves to the New World
Olaudah Equiano
- 1745-1797
- Heavily influenced the Foreign Slave Trade Act
Ancient Regime
- Monarchic, aristocratic, social and political system
- Feudal social and political order of the time in France and in Europe in the 15th century
The 3rd Estate
-The French bourgeoisie and the working class before the French revolution
Abbe Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
- A Roman Catholic abbot, clergyman and political writer
- Wrote and explained what was the 3rd Estate and its role in society
Reign of Terror
- The guillotine was invented (important symbol of the French revolution), and was carried out for the death penalty
- Death toll arise in large numbers through this deadly execution
Maximillian de Robespierre
- 1758-1794
- A French lawyer and politician, a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly, and the Jacobin Club
- One of the most controversial figures of the French Revolution
- Forefront for the push of liberal reforms; willingly promote extreme violence to secure change
- Executed in 1794, guillotine style
James Watt
- 1763-1775
- Invented the watt steam engine (efficient 3x-5x fasters)
- Father of the Industrial Revolution (Transforming our world from agricultural to a shift on engineering and technology)
Battle of Plessey
- Occurred in 1757
- Fought between the British East India Company, and the Siraj-ud-Daulah
- Victory of the EIC was an important battle in Indian History
Sonno Joi
- A Japanese political philosophy and a social movement
- Became a political slogan in 1850s-1860s to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu during the Bakumatsu period.
Meiji Restoration
-In 1868, it was a political revolution that ended military government, and led to the modernization of Japan.
Convention of Kanagawa
-In 1854, this signed agreement between Japan and the United States ended Japan seclusion.
Congress of Vienna
-Demonstrated a Europe working together for peace (weakened all states, made joint efforts difficult)
Revolutions of 1848
- Revolutions in Belgium, Hungary, Denmark, Galicia
- Failure: lack of unity between revolutionaries, persecuted revolutionaries immigrated to the U.S. and Canada
- Outcome: Revolutionaries learned that creating new states required a strong military force & adoption of militarism
- Also led revolutionaries into a autocratic, conservative regimes across Europe.
White Man’s Burden
The task that white colonizers believed they had to imposed their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies.
