Mid-Term Test Terms

Question 1

Reification

Answer 1

The mental conversion of a person or abstract concept into a concrete thing

Question 2

Clash of Civilizations

Answer 2

• A civilization is fundamentally a “cultural entity” linked by cultural characteristics
• Huntington argues that the highest cultural grouping of people & the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species
• Civilizations are linked by language, religion, history and self-identification to that group

Question 3

Prince Henry the Navigator

Answer 3

• He was a Portuguese explorer, soldier and prince
• Helped initiate the Age of Discovery through a search of new trading partners and Christian allies
• This started for Portuguese fleets exploring southward along the western coast of Africa
• Responsible for Portugal’s influence in the Great Age of Exploration

Question 4

Eurocentrism

Answer 4

The practice, conscious or otherwise, placing emphasis on European concerns, culture, values at the expense of other cultures.

Question 5

Atlantic Slave Trade

Answer 5

-Trading of slaves to the New World across the Atlantic Ocean

Question 6

Columbian Exchange

Answer 6

• Term coined by American historian Alfred W. Crosby
• Would transformed the world
• The exchange was the exchange of goods, materials, animals, and resources between the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia.
• Had positive and negative impacts

Question 7

Zheng He

Answer 7

• 1371-1435
• He was a court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China’s early Ming Dynasty
• Between 1405-1433, he commanded 7 expeditionary voyages
• Chinese voyages didn’t desire conquest (with well-armored troops), wanted to acquire new technology and resources.

Question 8

Triangular Trade

Answer 8

• Trade among 3 ports or regions

- Brought in new resources, and goods, and the transportation of slaves to the New World

Question 9

Olaudah Equiano

Answer 9

• 1745-1797

- Heavily influenced the Foreign Slave Trade Act

Question 10

Ancient Regime

Answer 10

• Monarchic, aristocratic, social and political system

- Feudal social and political order of the time in France and in Europe in the 15th century

Question 11

The 3rd Estate

Answer 11

-The French bourgeoisie and the working class before the French revolution

Question 12

Abbe Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes

Answer 12

• A Roman Catholic abbot, clergyman and political writer

- Wrote and explained what was the 3rd Estate and its role in society

Question 13

Reign of Terror

Answer 13

• The guillotine was invented (important symbol of the French revolution), and was carried out for the death penalty
• Death toll arise in large numbers through this deadly execution

Question 14

Maximillian de Robespierre

Answer 14

• 1758-1794
• A French lawyer and politician, a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly, and the Jacobin Club
• One of the most controversial figures of the French Revolution
• Forefront for the push of liberal reforms; willingly promote extreme violence to secure change
• Executed in 1794, guillotine style

Question 15

James Watt

Answer 15

• 1763-1775
• Invented the watt steam engine (efficient 3x-5x fasters)
• Father of the Industrial Revolution (Transforming our world from agricultural to a shift on engineering and technology)

Question 16

Battle of Plessey

Answer 16

• Occurred in 1757
• Fought between the British East India Company, and the Siraj-ud-Daulah
• Victory of the EIC was an important battle in Indian History

Question 17

Sonno Joi

Answer 17

• A Japanese political philosophy and a social movement

- Became a political slogan in 1850s-1860s to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu during the Bakumatsu period.

Question 18

Meiji Restoration

Answer 18

-In 1868, it was a political revolution that ended military government, and led to the modernization of Japan.

Question 19

Convention of Kanagawa

Answer 19

-In 1854, this signed agreement between Japan and the United States ended Japan seclusion.

Question 20

Congress of Vienna

Answer 20

-Demonstrated a Europe working together for peace (weakened all states, made joint efforts difficult)

Question 21

Revolutions of 1848

Answer 21

• Revolutions in Belgium, Hungary, Denmark, Galicia
• Failure: lack of unity between revolutionaries, persecuted revolutionaries immigrated to the U.S. and Canada
• Outcome: Revolutionaries learned that creating new states required a strong military force & adoption of militarism
• Also led revolutionaries into a autocratic, conservative regimes across Europe.

Question 22

White Man’s Burden

Answer 22

The task that white colonizers believed they had to imposed their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies.