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World Civilizations II > Final Exam Terms > Flashcards

Final Exam Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Welfare Chauvinism

A

Welfare benefits should be restricted to certain groups, particularly to the natives of a country, rather than to immigrants

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2
Q

Velvet Revolution

A
  • Occurred in 1989
  • Began when riot police suppressed a peaceful student demonstration in Prague
  • The response by the country’s citizens was a peaceful defiance
  • A movement started by Vaclav Havel (Civil Forum), helped unify the dissident forces in Czechoslovakia and overthrew the Communist Regimes.
  • Increase in protestors, the communist government was forced to resign
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3
Q

Glasnost

A
  • Gorbachev issued this new policy
  • This means “openness”
  • Reform that promoted free speech and a more transparent government
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4
Q

Perestroika

A
  • Gorbachev also issued this new policy
  • This means “restructuring”
  • Reform that aimed to transform the Soviet economy via productivity and investment
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5
Q

Prague Spring: Year of Protest (January-August ‘68)

A
  • Change of Soviets (liberators to oppressors)
  • When new first Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia–Alexander Dubcek started to reform the government, the Soviet Union invaded Prague
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6
Q

The Impact of The Year of Protest

A
  • The Soviets and other communist states returned to the days of persecution of ordinary citizens as a method of social control
  • Increase in propaganda, promoting communism, and criticizing the capitalist west, flourished
  • Central and Eastern Europe experienced a brain-drain to the West
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7
Q

External Factors for the Fall of Communism

A
  • Arab countries working together to quadruple the price of their oil
  • Prices rose, unemployment and interest rates too
  • Western countries could no longer afford products from the East
  • To counter-act the downfall, countries were forced to reform
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8
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 1964)

A
  • This happened after the attack of two US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin from North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats.
  • As a result the resolution appeared, and it gave President Johnson authorization to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia
  • This meant that the president was given the power to do anything necessary in Vietnam without the declaration of war by Congress
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9
Q

My Lai Massacre (March 1968)

A
  • One of the most horrific incidents of violence against civilians during the Vietnam War; a company of American soldiers brutally killed majority of innocent lives in a small village of My Lai
  • The brutality of the My Lai killings and the extent of the cover-up exacerbated growing antiwar sentiment on the home front in the United States and further divided the nation over the continuing American presence in Vietnam.
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10
Q

Aftermath of the Massacre of 1968

A
  • Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson Jr, played a major role in ending the massacre by intervening
  • Lt. Williams Laws Calley, Jr was found guilty of murdering 22 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians but was later pardoned for his actions
  • Seymour Hersh received the Pulitzer Prize for exposing the massacre to the public
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11
Q

Viet Cong: Vietnam War ( 1955-1975)

A
  • Was the National Liberation Front supported by the communist North
  • Waged a guerrilla campaign to overthrow South Vietnam
  • Since 1954, the US has only provided support and training to the South Vietnam
  • As the Viet Cong grew in strength, as so did American presence
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12
Q

Ho Chi Minh (North Vietnam Leader)

A
  • French Indochina (1887-1954): led by Ho Chi Minh/Viet Minh, of 1941 led a revolt against the Japanese; they declared independence in August 1945
  • First Indochina War (1946-1954): a conflict between French forces and the Viet Minh
  • -The US and the Soviet Union supplied weapons to either side
  • During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu the Viet Minh defeated French forces
  • Vietnam was divided: the north secured by communists, while the south was run by a pro-western government
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13
Q

Battle of Old Baldy

A
  • From July 1951 to July 1953, a war waged in throughout Korea (“a war of the hills”)
  • Stats show that 45% of American causalities occurred during the “war of the hills”, likewise 234,000 communists were killed
  • Old Baldy is the embodiment of a stalemated war
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14
Q

Warsaw Pact

A
  • Communist Conference held in May 11, 1955 in Warsaw Poland
  • Soviet Union and the 7 European satellites signed a treaty established the Warsaw Pact–a mutual defense organization that puts the Soviets in command of the armed forces of the member states
  • The treaty called on the member states to come to the defense of any member attacked by outside force, and it set up a unified military command under the Soviet Union
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15
Q

Marshall Plan (1948-1952)

A
  • Also commonly known as the European Recovery Program (ERP) was an American initiative to aid Europe
  • Gave the US $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII
  • The plan promoted European economic integration and federalism, and created a mixture of public organization of the private economy similar to that in the domestic economy of the United States. This reorganization of the European economy provided a more congenial environment for American investment.
  • The Marshall Plan, according to revisionists, allowed the United States to remake the European economy in the image of the American economy.
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16
Q

Commonwealth of Nations

A
  • Formerly constituted in 1949

- It emerged with the decolonization of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories

17
Q

Mandatory Palestine

A

-Was a geopolitical entity under the British administration from 1920 to 1948

18
Q

Pan-Africanism

A
  • Calls for African unity

- Historical and cultural awareness (Ethnocentrism)

19
Q

Balfour Declaration

A
  • Named after a letter written by Arthur James Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary
  • It stipulated that Britain would support the creation of a Jewish state in the Middle East
20
Q

Nationalist Congress Party

A
  • Political party in India
  • Opponents of British rule and military directives
  • Wanted what was promised at the end of the war: full independence from Britain
21
Q

Atlantic Charter

A
  • In February 1941, President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met to discuss the postwar world
  • Document discussing certain common principles between them for hope in the future
  • One of the provisions of the charter was introduced by Roosevelt: autonomy of imperial colonies
22
Q

Decolonization

A
  • The withdrawal from its colonies of colonial power; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies
  • Can be traced back to the 18th century, most mark the start of decolonization after WWII
23
Q

Kamikaze

A
  • Suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels
  • Happened often in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of WWII
  • Designed to destroy warships more effectively at war than conventional warfare
24
Q

Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942-February 1943)

A
  • One of the most bloodiest battles between the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
  • By the winter of 1943, the Germans had lost the battle
  • Tide of the war had finally turned in the direction of the Allies
25
Q

*Lebensraum

A
  • This means living space

- Hitler’s ideology viewed that Germany must have adequate living space for the expansion of its people

26
Q

Wannsee Conference (Early 1942)

A
  • The Final Solution: Top German officials met to organize and simplify their efforts to annihilate the Jews
  • Killing centers with gas chambers emerged as the means of choice; the victims would be transported to their killers rather than the reverse
  • Construction of new killing centers began within months, while existing camps such as Auschwitz were now equipped with gassing facilities
27
Q

Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945)

A
  • Head of the Schutzstaffel (SS)
  • Chief of German police
  • “Architect of Genocide”
28
Q

*Nuremberg Laws (1935)

A
  • These laws established a pseudo-scientific basis for racial identification
  • People with four German grandparents (white circles) were of “German blood”
  • A Jew is someone who descends from three or four Jewish grandparents (black circles)
29
Q

Appeasement

A
  • In dealing with Hitler, France and England followed the policies of appeasement
  • This was the idea that in an effort to avoid war, Hitler would be satisfied with limited territorial gains (he was not)
30
Q

New Deal

A
  • During the Great Depression, President FDR came up with new deal to help people with relief, recovery and reform programs
  • This didn’t end the Great Depression
  • Aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans
  • Permanently changed the relationship of the federal government with the U.S. populace
31
Q

Totalitarianism

A

-Regime where it attempts to control practically all social aspects of life including: the economy, education, art, science, private life, and morals of citizens

32
Q

Fascism

A
  • A new political movement that promotes extreme loyalty to the country and its leader
  • They believed in the struggle–peaceful countries were weak and could be taken over
  • They believed that they had to give up their rights and follow their leader in any situation
  • Set of ideologies and practices that seeks to place the nation, defined in exclusive biological, cultural, and/or historical terms
  • -Above all else, loyalty and to create a mobilized national community
33
Q

Gold Standard

A

Each country set the value of its currency in terms of gold and took monetary actions to defend the fixed price

34
Q

Cause & Effect of Gold Standard

A
  • During WWI, many European nations abandoned the gold standard due to the large military costs they faced
  • This caused inflation because the supply of new money that was created was spent on war, not on investments in productivity
  • After the war, most nations returned to the gold standard at pre-war prices
  • Ex: British returned to the gold standard after the war and led to the overvaluation of the pound. As a result, trade deficits, and other problems occurred
35
Q

Paris Peace Conference (January 1919)

A
  • Dominated by the Big Four: David Lloyd George(Britain), Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy), George Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
  • Total of 5 major treaties resulted; these treaties settled territorial disputes, created new countries and established new organizations
36
Q

Armenian Genocide (April 24 1915/Red Sunday)

A
  • Deportation of Armenian intellectuals from Constantinople
  • 1 month later, (May 27, 1915), the Ottoman Parliamentary passed a temporary law known as the Tehcir Law
  • -Authorized the deportation of the Ottoman Empire Armenian’s population
37
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A
  • Alfred von Prussian was a Prussian military strategist who came up with this plan
  • It was a type of offensive war with the ultimate purpose of the complete destruction of the enemy’s forces

World Civilizations II (2 decks)

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