Final Exam Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Welfare Chauvinism
A
Welfare benefits should be restricted to certain groups, particularly to the natives of a country, rather than to immigrants
2
Q
Velvet Revolution
A
- Occurred in 1989
- Began when riot police suppressed a peaceful student demonstration in Prague
- The response by the country’s citizens was a peaceful defiance
- A movement started by Vaclav Havel (Civil Forum), helped unify the dissident forces in Czechoslovakia and overthrew the Communist Regimes.
- Increase in protestors, the communist government was forced to resign
3
Q
Glasnost
A
- Gorbachev issued this new policy
- This means “openness”
- Reform that promoted free speech and a more transparent government
4
Q
Perestroika
A
- Gorbachev also issued this new policy
- This means “restructuring”
- Reform that aimed to transform the Soviet economy via productivity and investment
5
Q
Prague Spring: Year of Protest (January-August ‘68)
A
- Change of Soviets (liberators to oppressors)
- When new first Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia–Alexander Dubcek started to reform the government, the Soviet Union invaded Prague
6
Q
The Impact of The Year of Protest
A
- The Soviets and other communist states returned to the days of persecution of ordinary citizens as a method of social control
- Increase in propaganda, promoting communism, and criticizing the capitalist west, flourished
- Central and Eastern Europe experienced a brain-drain to the West
7
Q
External Factors for the Fall of Communism
A
- Arab countries working together to quadruple the price of their oil
- Prices rose, unemployment and interest rates too
- Western countries could no longer afford products from the East
- To counter-act the downfall, countries were forced to reform
8
Q
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 1964)
A
- This happened after the attack of two US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin from North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats.
- As a result the resolution appeared, and it gave President Johnson authorization to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia
- This meant that the president was given the power to do anything necessary in Vietnam without the declaration of war by Congress
9
Q
My Lai Massacre (March 1968)
A
- One of the most horrific incidents of violence against civilians during the Vietnam War; a company of American soldiers brutally killed majority of innocent lives in a small village of My Lai
- The brutality of the My Lai killings and the extent of the cover-up exacerbated growing antiwar sentiment on the home front in the United States and further divided the nation over the continuing American presence in Vietnam.
10
Q
Aftermath of the Massacre of 1968
A
- Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson Jr, played a major role in ending the massacre by intervening
- Lt. Williams Laws Calley, Jr was found guilty of murdering 22 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians but was later pardoned for his actions
- Seymour Hersh received the Pulitzer Prize for exposing the massacre to the public
11
Q
Viet Cong: Vietnam War ( 1955-1975)
A
- Was the National Liberation Front supported by the communist North
- Waged a guerrilla campaign to overthrow South Vietnam
- Since 1954, the US has only provided support and training to the South Vietnam
- As the Viet Cong grew in strength, as so did American presence
12
Q
Ho Chi Minh (North Vietnam Leader)
A
- French Indochina (1887-1954): led by Ho Chi Minh/Viet Minh, of 1941 led a revolt against the Japanese; they declared independence in August 1945
- First Indochina War (1946-1954): a conflict between French forces and the Viet Minh
- -The US and the Soviet Union supplied weapons to either side
- During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu the Viet Minh defeated French forces
- Vietnam was divided: the north secured by communists, while the south was run by a pro-western government
13
Q
Battle of Old Baldy
A
- From July 1951 to July 1953, a war waged in throughout Korea (“a war of the hills”)
- Stats show that 45% of American causalities occurred during the “war of the hills”, likewise 234,000 communists were killed
- Old Baldy is the embodiment of a stalemated war
14
Q
Warsaw Pact
A
- Communist Conference held in May 11, 1955 in Warsaw Poland
- Soviet Union and the 7 European satellites signed a treaty established the Warsaw Pact–a mutual defense organization that puts the Soviets in command of the armed forces of the member states
- The treaty called on the member states to come to the defense of any member attacked by outside force, and it set up a unified military command under the Soviet Union
15
Q
Marshall Plan (1948-1952)
A
- Also commonly known as the European Recovery Program (ERP) was an American initiative to aid Europe
- Gave the US $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII
- The plan promoted European economic integration and federalism, and created a mixture of public organization of the private economy similar to that in the domestic economy of the United States. This reorganization of the European economy provided a more congenial environment for American investment.
- The Marshall Plan, according to revisionists, allowed the United States to remake the European economy in the image of the American economy.
16
Q
Commonwealth of Nations
A
- Formerly constituted in 1949
- It emerged with the decolonization of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories
17
Q
Mandatory Palestine
A
-Was a geopolitical entity under the British administration from 1920 to 1948
18
Q
Pan-Africanism
A
- Calls for African unity
- Historical and cultural awareness (Ethnocentrism)
19
Q
Balfour Declaration
A
- Named after a letter written by Arthur James Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary
- It stipulated that Britain would support the creation of a Jewish state in the Middle East
20
Q
Nationalist Congress Party
A
- Political party in India
- Opponents of British rule and military directives
- Wanted what was promised at the end of the war: full independence from Britain
21
Q
Atlantic Charter
A
- In February 1941, President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met to discuss the postwar world
- Document discussing certain common principles between them for hope in the future
- One of the provisions of the charter was introduced by Roosevelt: autonomy of imperial colonies
22
Q
Decolonization
A
- The withdrawal from its colonies of colonial power; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies
- Can be traced back to the 18th century, most mark the start of decolonization after WWII
23
Q
Kamikaze
A
- Suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels
- Happened often in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of WWII
- Designed to destroy warships more effectively at war than conventional warfare
24
Q
Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942-February 1943)
A
- One of the most bloodiest battles between the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
- By the winter of 1943, the Germans had lost the battle
- Tide of the war had finally turned in the direction of the Allies
25
Q
*Lebensraum
A
- This means living space
- Hitler’s ideology viewed that Germany must have adequate living space for the expansion of its people
26
Q
Wannsee Conference (Early 1942)
A
- The Final Solution: Top German officials met to organize and simplify their efforts to annihilate the Jews
- Killing centers with gas chambers emerged as the means of choice; the victims would be transported to their killers rather than the reverse
- Construction of new killing centers began within months, while existing camps such as Auschwitz were now equipped with gassing facilities
27
Q
Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945)
A
- Head of the Schutzstaffel (SS)
- Chief of German police
- “Architect of Genocide”
28
Q
*Nuremberg Laws (1935)
A
- These laws established a pseudo-scientific basis for racial identification
- People with four German grandparents (white circles) were of “German blood”
- A Jew is someone who descends from three or four Jewish grandparents (black circles)
29
Q
Appeasement
A
- In dealing with Hitler, France and England followed the policies of appeasement
- This was the idea that in an effort to avoid war, Hitler would be satisfied with limited territorial gains (he was not)
30
Q
New Deal
A
- During the Great Depression, President FDR came up with new deal to help people with relief, recovery and reform programs
- This didn’t end the Great Depression
- Aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans
- Permanently changed the relationship of the federal government with the U.S. populace
31
Q
Totalitarianism
A
-Regime where it attempts to control practically all social aspects of life including: the economy, education, art, science, private life, and morals of citizens
32
Q
Fascism
A
- A new political movement that promotes extreme loyalty to the country and its leader
- They believed in the struggle–peaceful countries were weak and could be taken over
- They believed that they had to give up their rights and follow their leader in any situation
- Set of ideologies and practices that seeks to place the nation, defined in exclusive biological, cultural, and/or historical terms
- -Above all else, loyalty and to create a mobilized national community
33
Q
Gold Standard
A
Each country set the value of its currency in terms of gold and took monetary actions to defend the fixed price
34
Q
Cause & Effect of Gold Standard
A
- During WWI, many European nations abandoned the gold standard due to the large military costs they faced
- This caused inflation because the supply of new money that was created was spent on war, not on investments in productivity
- After the war, most nations returned to the gold standard at pre-war prices
- Ex: British returned to the gold standard after the war and led to the overvaluation of the pound. As a result, trade deficits, and other problems occurred
35
Q
Paris Peace Conference (January 1919)
A
- Dominated by the Big Four: David Lloyd George(Britain), Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy), George Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
- Total of 5 major treaties resulted; these treaties settled territorial disputes, created new countries and established new organizations
36
Q
Armenian Genocide (April 24 1915/Red Sunday)
A
- Deportation of Armenian intellectuals from Constantinople
- 1 month later, (May 27, 1915), the Ottoman Parliamentary passed a temporary law known as the Tehcir Law
- -Authorized the deportation of the Ottoman Empire Armenian’s population
37
Q
Schlieffen Plan
A
- Alfred von Prussian was a Prussian military strategist who came up with this plan
- It was a type of offensive war with the ultimate purpose of the complete destruction of the enemy’s forces
