Mid term (terms)

Question 1

This strategy is predicated on comparing very different cases that are all have the same dependent variable. This strategy allows the research to identify a point of similarity between otherwise different cases and thus identify the independent variable that is causing the outcome.

Answer 1

Most-different-systems design

Question 2

A benefit of this strategy is that it keeps confusing or irrelevant variables out of the mix by identifying two similar cases at the outset. Two similar cases implied a number of control variables—elements that make the cases similar—and very few elements that are dissimilar.

Answer 2

Most-similar-systems design

Question 3

is the name for the scientific study of the social world. Its goal is to formulate abstract and universal laws on the operative dynamics of the social universe. A law is a statement about relationships among forces in the universe.

Answer 3

Positivism

Question 4

is an epistemological approach which claims that knowledge comes primarily (or solely) from experience. By definition, all conservatives thereby adopt this stance. The conservative mindset is characterised by a combination of tradition and pragmatism; themes explored in previous sections.

Answer 4

Empiricism

Question 5

is the ability of a government to accomplish policy goals, either generally or in reference to specific aims. A state that lacks capacity is defined as a fragile state or, in a more extreme case, a failed state.

Answer 5

State capacity

Question 6

having a relatively low economic level of industrial production and standard of living (as from lack of capital)

Answer 6

underdevelopment

Question 7

began following the Allied victory in World War, and crested nearly twenty years later, in 1962, with 36 recognised democracies in the world. The wave ebbed as well at this point, and the total number dropped to thirty democracies between 1962 and the mid-1970s.

Answer 7

Second democratization wave

Question 8

Scholars debate the precise number of democratic waves. Huntington describes waves: the first “slow” wave of the 19th century, a wave after World War and a wave beginning in the mid-1970s in southern Europe, followed by Latin America and Asia.

Answer 8

Third democratization wave

Question 9

method by which people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will. This definition has been described as simple, elegant and parsimonious, making it clearer to distinguish political systems that either fulfill or fail these characteristics.

Answer 9

Schumpeterian approach to democracy

Question 10

based on 60 indicators grouped in five categories, measuring pluralism, civil liberties and political culture. four regime types: full democracies, flawed democracies, hybrid regimes, and authoritarian regimes.

Answer 10

Democracy index

Question 11

The basic pattern was to establish in the colonies specialized extraction and production of raw materials and primary products that were unavailable in Europe.

Answer 11

Colonial division of labour

Question 12

is a type of dictatorship in which power is held by one or more military officers acting on behalf of the military.

Answer 12

Military dictatorship

Question 13

It emphasizes the impact of historical and socio-political factors on the evolution of economic practices, often opposing more rational approaches.

Answer 13

Economic institutionalism

Question 14

is a new institutionalist social science approach that emphasizes how timing, sequences and path dependence affect institutions, and shape social, political, economic behavior and change

Answer 14

Historical institutionalism

Question 15

is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree. This may include economic and social policy, especially in regard to taxation and the means of production.

Answer 15

Statist-institutionalism

Question 16

is the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that it becomes unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock, and is regarded as the only available system of government within a country.

Answer 16

Democratic consolidation

Question 17

is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo. It is closely related to patronage politics and vote buying.

Answer 17

Clientelism

Question 18

an approach to democracy, where the authority of the majority is limited by legal and institutional means so that the rights of individuals and minorities are respected. This is the form of democracy practiced in Germany, Israel, Japan, the United States, and other countries.

Answer 18

Constitutional approach to democracy

Question 19

places a priority on how things are done. It is a willingness to remain open and follow in new directions. It means setting aside mainstream ways of achieving results and instead following culturally respectful processes that also produce results.

Answer 19

Process-oriented approach to democracy

Question 20

is a form of democracy in which the outcome of elections is representative of the people. In other words, is a form of democracy that functions in the interest of the governed.

Answer 20

Substantive approach to democracy

Question 21

a term used to denote the particular procedures, such as regular elections based on universal suffrage, that produce an electorally-legitimated government.

Answer 21

Procedural approach to democracy

Question 22

is a mode of governance close to Caesarism, Bonapartism or caudillismo with a strong leader in a newly created otherwise democratic government.

Answer 22

Delegative democracy

Question 23

is a mixed type of political system often created as a result of an incomplete transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one

Answer 23

Hybrid Regime

Question 24

entails a deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance within any regime. It is a decline in the quality of democracy, when it occurs within democratic regimes, or in democratic qualities of governance in autocracies.

Answer 24

democratic Backsliding

Question 25

emphasizes the separation of powers, an independent judiciary and a system of checks and balances between branches of government. Multi-party systems with at least two persistent, viable political parties are characteristic of liberal democracies.

Answer 25

Liberal democracy

Question 26

describes a governing system in which, although elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties; thus it does not constitute an open society.

Answer 26

Illiberal democracy

Question 27

regimes differ from fully authoritarian regimes in that elections are regularly held, the opposition can openly operate without a high risk of exile or imprisonment and “democratic procedures are sufficiently meaningful for opposition groups to take them seriously as arenas

Answer 27

Competitive authoritarianism

Question 28

regimes are those “governed by a coalition of military officers and technocrats who act pragmatically (rather than ideologically) within the limits of their bureaucratic mentality.

Answer 28

Bureaucratic authoritarianism