Final Exam Flashcards
economic growth to modernization
procedural democracy
democratic consolidation
Democratization
rule of law
substrate economy
civil society
political society
democratic consolidation
the transfer of democratic consolidation to de-consolidation
erosion
manipulation fo the media
populism
corruption
nationism
de-consolidation
democratization - procedural democracy
people can vote
- traditional society
- pre conditions to take off
- take off
- drive to maturity
- mass consumption
are the timeline of..
modernization timeline
competitive authoritarianism
-lack of freedom and pair elections
-existence of an opposition party
competitive authoritarianism- illiberalism
violation of human rights
middle between of authoritarianism and competitive authoritarianism
electoral authoritarianism
electoral authoritarism connects with
illiberalism
forms within authoritarianism
party dictatorship
military
theocracy
personalistic
bureaucratic
what’s this- «competitive in that opposition parties use democratic institutions to contest seriously for power, but they are not democratic because the playing field is heavily skewed in favor of incumbents»
Competitive authoritarian;
the process by which democratic norms, practices, and ideas become institutionalized among all political actors: democracy becomes the “only game in town”.
democratic consolidation
It argues that development means poorer countries becoming more like us. The focus is on internal barriers (economic & cultural).
modernization theory
is a term used to denote the particular procedures, such as regular elections based on universal suffrage, that produce an electorally-legitimated government.
procedural democracy or proceduralist democracy or proceduralism
power through election
illegitimate
election rigging
constitution changes
illiberal
delegative democracy is a
hybrid regime
democratic consolidation terms
favourable conditions
strong civil society
political involved popular
strong civil society
strong institution
strong laws
favourable conditions within democracy
low poverty
procedural democracy
democracy is measured based off these procedures
democracy thorough he powers of regular elections
universal suffrage
endogenous and exogenous are apart of
modernization theory
endogenous
better economy- less democratic backslide
exogenous
democracy will sustain itself if its modern and has high income levels
Troubled democracies are usually identified by what
armed militias, humanitarian disasters, domestic and ethnic tensions, autocrats declaring electoral victories before the votes are counted
The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: I
– to build a free, just and solidary society
The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: II
– to guarantee national development
The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: III
– to eradicate poverty and substandard living conditions and to reduce social and regional inequalities;
The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: IV
– to promote the well-being of all, without prejudice as to origin, race, sex, colour, age and any other forms of discrimination
transition from a democratic to a non-democratic
regime
Democratic breakdown
erosion of democracy and weakening of checks and balances. The term deconsolidation is also used to identify transformations undermining democracies
Democratic Backsliding
Authoritarian state controlled by religious leaders or which uses
religion as its primary mode of legitimation
Theocracy:
undemocratic political systems controlled by one party. There is no space for interest groups or political movements outside the party.
Party dictatorships:
the military provides the rulers. Decision-making is centralized under military junta rule.
Military dictatorships:
A form of authoritarianism in which the dictator’s personality and personal traits are of great significance
Personalistic dictatorship
A type of authoritarian regime in which the state is controlled more by a group of
elites (often military cadres reinforced by technocrats)
Bureaucratic-authoritarian regime
There are various forms and concepts describing the hybrid regimes, such as:
- Illiberal democracy
- Delegative democracy
- Competitive authoritarianism
Governing systems that are a mixture of democratic and non-democratic rule
Hybrid governments
Class of regime that is neither fully democratic nor fully authoritarian
typically gain and keep power through electoral fraud, corruption, and legal maneuvers
Hybrid governments
- Allocating state funds to one political party or a few
- Controlling media and weakening opposition campaigns
- Changing electoral laws (both the districts and how the votes are counted) and similar forms of vote rigging
ways to skew elections:
focuses on the suppression of liberties, not the unfair electoral ground
Illiberal democracy
government that implies over-powerful executives making horizontal accountability almost impossible to achieve.
Delegative democracy
that the state served as the executive arm of
bourgeoisie.
the Communist Manifesto (1848)
the state emerges as a relatively autonomous actor.
Bruimaire of Louis Bonaparte (observations from 1848 to 1852)
emerges as political parties lose their organic connection to social forces as a result of the growing transnationalization of capital, Executive becomes stronger and the significance of security apparatuses increases
Authoritarian statism
first phase of neoliberalism
Shock phase and transition to neoliberalism (1970s and 1980s)
second phase of neoliberalism
Mature phase of neoliberalism
third phase of neoliberalism
Post 2008-09 conjuncture
- The paradox of neoliberalism
democratization wave in the global South in the 1980s-1990s could not be easily seen as true democratization since it reinforced income inequality and tormented societies. In societies which have transitioned from military dictatorships to procedural democracies, various authoritarian practices abound. The state form is authoritarian, the economic policy is neoliberal.
Re-circulating the concept of authoritarian statism: authoritarian neoliberalism
how state intervention in capital accumulation develops from the political economy of the studied case. (analyze the strategies adopted by the dominant classes and class fractions, also the terrain upon which the struggles within the established compromise occur)
The form of state:
How social classes are represented on the party-political level, and what is the configuration among the branches of government? (analyze the political representation and interaction between government branches)
A form of regime:
concepts can be employed to discuss transitions:
Form of state, and form of regime
include the establishment of a political infrastructure as well as the provision of public services and stability and order (Williams and Sterio, 2020).
Post-conflict Transition
to establish procedural democracies and help the country escape violence and underdevelopment in the upcoming years.
international community
The new constitution might reflect the conflict rather than the end of it.
* Two forms:
Participatory and after the conflict
or based on conflict and during the conflict
The liberal peace builders re-introduced institutions characteristic of liberal democracies.
However, the electoral process might occur before the political parties are well-established and effective.
Dominant actors might manipulate the transition.
The transition to potential for a hybrid regime
Post-conflict governments have difficulty
ensuring successful governance and appointing uncorrupt individuals to relevant posts.
the authority might be divided between legal-rational institutions and personal-traditional fields.
In post-conflict societies
Ethnic and fractional belonging might persist. Moreover, the lack of public services a central authority provides might reinforce the significance of personal relationships and narrow community ties.
State-building
They diminish the chances of democratization after the conflict ends, or the intervening/invading forces leave (Zürcher, 2021).
with is Democratization might..
empower some ethnic groups
Civil wars
create/expand the illicit economy and create powerful leaders
Public sector
reforms require undermining patron-client networks, which is hard to achieve in a precarious (post-conflict) regime.
They diminish the chances of democratization after the conflict ends, or the intervening/invading forces leave
within this there is a gap between
the peacebuilding and transition efforts and the political interests of the domestic groups.
Civil war or foreign military intervention
Democratization is conceived as a problem for many actors in the political field in post- conflict societies.
A few problems arose soon
Tajik control of powerful ministries alienated the Pashtun community (despite the later appointment of Pashtun politicians)
U.S. pouring money into Pashtun regions (for infrastructure and control of poppy cultivation) alienated non-Pashtun Afghans (Kraemer, 2020).
Tensions between kinship structures and meritocratic reform continued.
Public services were conceived as the product of personal efforts not state investment – Some Kabul politicians isolated themselves from local communities.
Karzai emerged as a hyper-powerful president with a firm grip on power and corrupt entourage
is that the international order that seeks to shape the post-conflict environment is the same that produces it (Monk and Campbell, 2014).
The paradox of peace building and the state building and implementing transition policies in post-conflict environments
The rise of the Taliban (and their first rule) resulted from
efforts to contain the Soviet Union in the 1980s. The international community gave implicit consent to the Taliban regime in the 1990s.
Afghanistan emerged as a model for peacebuilding in the 2000s. But the policies were ______ and Taliban re-took
superficial at best and Taliban re-took the control of the country.
A society torn apart: The road to dual citizenship law in Liberia, 2008 to 2022→citizenship is finally regulated along more liberal lines
What did members of the diaspora require to return?
- [A] lot of them [Liberians abroad] had to change their lifestyle, accept the dictates from a strange country for survival. In some countries it meant you had to become [a] citizen of that country to enjoy the benefits … But in taking that involuntary stance it qualified them for disqualification of their citizenships in their own country [Liberia] which, I believe, is unfair. (Liberian senator Wootorson quoted in Pailey, 2021).
A society torn apart: The road to dual citizenship law in Liberia, 2008 to 2022→citizenship is finally regulated along more liberal lines
Why is it so complicated?
- Migration in the colonial era (various settlers), postcolonial era (new settlers), civil wars (refugees and returnees) and exclusionary approaches integral to nation-state-building projects
In Liberia, the main concern was that dual citizenship would result in land-grabbing and a new diasporic elite would emerge
Domestic backlash
Ruling groups were primarily
Americo-Liberians in Liberian history
Liberal peacebuilding discussion romanticizes liberalism
which is a historical construction and cannot resolve deep-seated division (on the contrary, some would suggest political liberalism and market reforms divide societies and undermine chances of democracy).
promoted by intergovernmental organizations or foreign actors as policymakers and builders of peace is in crisis.
Problem-solving approach
Peacebuilding efforts and post-conflict transitions remain
integral parts of global order (the order that produces those conflicts in the first place).
conforming to the cultural and policy mores of the global North
Ethnocentric
power is restricted to national and international elites
Elitist
privileges order and security over emancipation and diversity
Security-centric
disinterested in the underlying causes of conflict and inequality
Superficial
it reduces peace-building to a series of technocratic, template style tasks
Technocratic and rigid
it is insufficiently aware of the human costs of shock therapy
Privileges neo-liberal economic policies
despite emancipatory liberal language, it rarely heralds significant social change
Conservative
attempting to maintain elite competition by maintaining democratic procedures? (From two-turnover test to strong civil society)
Procedural democracy:
attempting to dismantle authoritarianism, by producing substantive outcomes? (including its technocratic forms)
Substantive democracy:
Autocratic regimes and authoritarian regimes are mostly the continuation of previous dictatorships/non- democracies
The varieties of dictatorship significant
Modern dictatorships begin in these ways:
coup, insurgency, popular uprising, foreign intervention, autocratic elite changes function, elated groups suppress competition.
(military officers form the governing junta)
Coup
(insurgent leader(s))
insurgency
(interim leader assumes an authoritarian character)
Popular uprising
changes the way of the functioning of autocracy
Autocratic elite
suppress competition: authoritarianization or autogolpe
Elected group(s)
emerges «when a president closes the courts and the legislature, suspends the constitution, and rules by decree until a referendum and a new legislative elections are held to approve broader executive power» (Cameron, 1998).
Autogolpe (self coup)
undermines the minimal democracy and paves the way for the emergence of an autocracy.
The elected leader/group
Empirical analysis shows that most of the dictatorships in the last seven decades were initiated by
military
Authoritarian cooptation
The chaos following the seizure of power ends with the
contribution by collaborators
Authoritarian cooptation
The previous contenders can be coopted. It becomes a frequently used method to
ensure survival of the regime
Authoritarian cooptation
Co-opting challengers take various forms:
Creating employment opportunities, cash-flows to supporters, providing favours
Egyptian army members running state-owned enterprises
Politicized connections and cooptation in Egypt
Repression disorganizes the opposition and lessens the threats against the authoritarian rule.
organizing paramilitary groups
monitoring society
Faking democracy: Establishing parliaments, holding regular elections
Survival of the authoritarian regime
The concept became more fashionable in the 21st century
Expressing disappointment with the democratic transition expectation.
Authoritarian resilience
The anti-democratic pressures generated by
political economies of societies
External anchors and financial support given to
authoritarian regimes
perceived that there were levels of violence that could be used without increasing diplomatic costs.
Authoritarian incumbents
new foreign borrowing to expand industrial production
increased partnership with multinational corporations
reliance on mega infrastructure projects and extracivitism
Strategies of accumulation (military-backed regime in the late 2010s)
Domestic demand-led regime
Search for a new growth strategy in the last subperiod
Currency depreciation and export increases in the late 2010s, increased investment in this period
Growth model in Egypt
Reconfiguration within the ruling bloc
Military as dominant fraction, IMF- monitoring of the economy
Austerity and credit dependency creating tensions
ruling bloc reconfiguration
we are called a democracy because
the administration is in the hands of the many and not the few
we are prevented by doing wrong by respect for
authorities and for the law
Substantive approach presumes
that we know which outcomes are genuinely democratic
Procedural approach provides an effective but
minimal conception
needed in a quest to reclaim public institutions
A dynamic view
serve particular functions but can be reclaimed to serve a public purpose
Public institutions and states
-the end of Keynesian policies in the global North
-The crises of developmentalist interventions in the global South
Shock phase and transition to neoliberalism (1970s and 1980s)
Mature phase of neoliberalism
- Turn of century and institutional reforms
- Social policy and mitigation of poverty
