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Poli Sci 130 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

economic growth to modernization

procedural democracy

democratic consolidation

A

Democratization

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2
Q

rule of law
substrate economy
civil society
political society

A

democratic consolidation

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3
Q

the transfer of democratic consolidation to de-consolidation

A

erosion

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4
Q

manipulation fo the media
populism
corruption
nationism

A

de-consolidation

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5
Q

democratization - procedural democracy

A

people can vote

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6
Q
  1. traditional society
  2. pre conditions to take off
  3. take off
  4. drive to maturity
  5. mass consumption

are the timeline of..

A

modernization timeline

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7
Q

competitive authoritarianism

A

-lack of freedom and pair elections
-existence of an opposition party

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8
Q

competitive authoritarianism- illiberalism

A

violation of human rights

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9
Q

middle between of authoritarianism and competitive authoritarianism

A

electoral authoritarianism

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10
Q

electoral authoritarism connects with

A

illiberalism

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11
Q

forms within authoritarianism

A

party dictatorship
military
theocracy
personalistic
bureaucratic

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12
Q

what’s this- «competitive in that opposition parties use democratic institutions to contest seriously for power, but they are not democratic because the playing field is heavily skewed in favor of incumbents»

A

Competitive authoritarian;

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13
Q

the process by which democratic norms, practices, and ideas become institutionalized among all political actors: democracy becomes the “only game in town”.

A

democratic consolidation

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14
Q

It argues that development means poorer countries becoming more like us. The focus is on internal barriers (economic & cultural).

A

modernization theory

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15
Q

is a term used to denote the particular procedures, such as regular elections based on universal suffrage, that produce an electorally-legitimated government.

A

procedural democracy or proceduralist democracy or proceduralism

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16
Q

power through election

A

illegitimate
election rigging
constitution changes

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17
Q

illiberal
delegative democracy is a

A

hybrid regime

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18
Q

democratic consolidation terms

A

favourable conditions
strong civil society
political involved popular

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19
Q

strong civil society

A

strong institution
strong laws

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20
Q

favourable conditions within democracy

A

low poverty

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21
Q

procedural democracy

A

democracy is measured based off these procedures

democracy thorough he powers of regular elections

universal suffrage

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22
Q

endogenous and exogenous are apart of

A

modernization theory

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23
Q

endogenous

A

better economy- less democratic backslide

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24
Q

exogenous

A

democracy will sustain itself if its modern and has high income levels

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25
Q

Troubled democracies are usually identified by what

A

armed militias, humanitarian disasters, domestic and ethnic tensions, autocrats declaring electoral victories before the votes are counted

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26
Q

The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: I

A

– to build a free, just and solidary society

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27
Q

The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: II

A

– to guarantee national development

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28
Q

The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: III

A

– to eradicate poverty and substandard living conditions and to reduce social and regional inequalities;

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29
Q

The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are: IV

A

– to promote the well-being of all, without prejudice as to origin, race, sex, colour, age and any other forms of discrimination

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30
Q

transition from a democratic to a non-democratic
regime

A

Democratic breakdown

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31
Q

erosion of democracy and weakening of checks and balances. The term deconsolidation is also used to identify transformations undermining democracies

A

Democratic Backsliding

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32
Q

Authoritarian state controlled by religious leaders or which uses
religion as its primary mode of legitimation

A

Theocracy:

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33
Q

undemocratic political systems controlled by one party. There is no space for interest groups or political movements outside the party.

A

Party dictatorships:

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34
Q

the military provides the rulers. Decision-making is centralized under military junta rule.

A

Military dictatorships:

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35
Q

A form of authoritarianism in which the dictator’s personality and personal traits are of great significance

A

Personalistic dictatorship

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36
Q

A type of authoritarian regime in which the state is controlled more by a group of
elites (often military cadres reinforced by technocrats)

A

Bureaucratic-authoritarian regime

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37
Q

There are various forms and concepts describing the hybrid regimes, such as:

A
  • Illiberal democracy
  • Delegative democracy
  • Competitive authoritarianism
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38
Q

Governing systems that are a mixture of democratic and non-democratic rule
Hybrid governments

A

Class of regime that is neither fully democratic nor fully authoritarian

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39
Q

typically gain and keep power through electoral fraud, corruption, and legal maneuvers

A

Hybrid governments

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40
Q
  • Allocating state funds to one political party or a few
  • Controlling media and weakening opposition campaigns
  • Changing electoral laws (both the districts and how the votes are counted) and similar forms of vote rigging
A

ways to skew elections:

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41
Q

focuses on the suppression of liberties, not the unfair electoral ground

A

Illiberal democracy

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42
Q

government that implies over-powerful executives making horizontal accountability almost impossible to achieve.

A

Delegative democracy

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43
Q

that the state served as the executive arm of
bourgeoisie.

A

the Communist Manifesto (1848)

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44
Q

the state emerges as a relatively autonomous actor.

A

Bruimaire of Louis Bonaparte (observations from 1848 to 1852)

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45
Q

emerges as political parties lose their organic connection to social forces as a result of the growing transnationalization of capital, Executive becomes stronger and the significance of security apparatuses increases

A

Authoritarian statism

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46
Q

first phase of neoliberalism

A

Shock phase and transition to neoliberalism (1970s and 1980s)

47
Q

second phase of neoliberalism

A

Mature phase of neoliberalism

48
Q

third phase of neoliberalism

A

Post 2008-09 conjuncture

  • The paradox of neoliberalism
49
Q

democratization wave in the global South in the 1980s-1990s could not be easily seen as true democratization since it reinforced income inequality and tormented societies. In societies which have transitioned from military dictatorships to procedural democracies, various authoritarian practices abound. The state form is authoritarian, the economic policy is neoliberal.

A

Re-circulating the concept of authoritarian statism: authoritarian neoliberalism

50
Q

how state intervention in capital accumulation develops from the political economy of the studied case. (analyze the strategies adopted by the dominant classes and class fractions, also the terrain upon which the struggles within the established compromise occur)

A

The form of state:

51
Q

How social classes are represented on the party-political level, and what is the configuration among the branches of government? (analyze the political representation and interaction between government branches)

A

A form of regime:

52
Q

concepts can be employed to discuss transitions:

A

Form of state, and form of regime

53
Q

include the establishment of a political infrastructure as well as the provision of public services and stability and order (Williams and Sterio, 2020).

A

Post-conflict Transition

54
Q

to establish procedural democracies and help the country escape violence and underdevelopment in the upcoming years.

A

international community

55
Q

The new constitution might reflect the conflict rather than the end of it.
* Two forms:

A

Participatory and after the conflict

or based on conflict and during the conflict

56
Q

The liberal peace builders re-introduced institutions characteristic of liberal democracies.

However, the electoral process might occur before the political parties are well-established and effective.

Dominant actors might manipulate the transition.

A

The transition to potential for a hybrid regime

57
Q

Post-conflict governments have difficulty

A

ensuring successful governance and appointing uncorrupt individuals to relevant posts.

58
Q

the authority might be divided between legal-rational institutions and personal-traditional fields.

A

In post-conflict societies

59
Q

Ethnic and fractional belonging might persist. Moreover, the lack of public services a central authority provides might reinforce the significance of personal relationships and narrow community ties.

A

State-building

60
Q

They diminish the chances of democratization after the conflict ends, or the intervening/invading forces leave (Zürcher, 2021).

with is Democratization might..

A

empower some ethnic groups

61
Q

Civil wars

A

create/expand the illicit economy and create powerful leaders

62
Q

Public sector

A

reforms require undermining patron-client networks, which is hard to achieve in a precarious (post-conflict) regime.

63
Q

They diminish the chances of democratization after the conflict ends, or the intervening/invading forces leave

within this there is a gap between

A

the peacebuilding and transition efforts and the political interests of the domestic groups.

64
Q

Civil war or foreign military intervention

A

Democratization is conceived as a problem for many actors in the political field in post- conflict societies.

65
Q

A few problems arose soon

A

Tajik control of powerful ministries alienated the Pashtun community (despite the later appointment of Pashtun politicians)

U.S. pouring money into Pashtun regions (for infrastructure and control of poppy cultivation) alienated non-Pashtun Afghans (Kraemer, 2020).

Tensions between kinship structures and meritocratic reform continued.

Public services were conceived as the product of personal efforts not state investment – Some Kabul politicians isolated themselves from local communities.

Karzai emerged as a hyper-powerful president with a firm grip on power and corrupt entourage

66
Q

is that the international order that seeks to shape the post-conflict environment is the same that produces it (Monk and Campbell, 2014).

A

The paradox of peace building and the state building and implementing transition policies in post-conflict environments

67
Q

The rise of the Taliban (and their first rule) resulted from

A

efforts to contain the Soviet Union in the 1980s. The international community gave implicit consent to the Taliban regime in the 1990s.

68
Q

Afghanistan emerged as a model for peacebuilding in the 2000s. But the policies were ______ and Taliban re-took

A

superficial at best and Taliban re-took the control of the country.

69
Q

A society torn apart: The road to dual citizenship law in Liberia, 2008 to 2022→citizenship is finally regulated along more liberal lines

What did members of the diaspora require to return?

A
  • [A] lot of them [Liberians abroad] had to change their lifestyle, accept the dictates from a strange country for survival. In some countries it meant you had to become [a] citizen of that country to enjoy the benefits … But in taking that involuntary stance it qualified them for disqualification of their citizenships in their own country [Liberia] which, I believe, is unfair. (Liberian senator Wootorson quoted in Pailey, 2021).
70
Q

A society torn apart: The road to dual citizenship law in Liberia, 2008 to 2022→citizenship is finally regulated along more liberal lines

Why is it so complicated?

A
  • Migration in the colonial era (various settlers), postcolonial era (new settlers), civil wars (refugees and returnees) and exclusionary approaches integral to nation-state-building projects
71
Q

In Liberia, the main concern was that dual citizenship would result in land-grabbing and a new diasporic elite would emerge

A

Domestic backlash

72
Q

Ruling groups were primarily

A

Americo-Liberians in Liberian history

73
Q

Liberal peacebuilding discussion romanticizes liberalism

A

which is a historical construction and cannot resolve deep-seated division (on the contrary, some would suggest political liberalism and market reforms divide societies and undermine chances of democracy).

74
Q

promoted by intergovernmental organizations or foreign actors as policymakers and builders of peace is in crisis.

A

Problem-solving approach

75
Q

Peacebuilding efforts and post-conflict transitions remain

A

integral parts of global order (the order that produces those conflicts in the first place).

76
Q

conforming to the cultural and policy mores of the global North

A

Ethnocentric

77
Q

power is restricted to national and international elites

A

Elitist

78
Q

privileges order and security over emancipation and diversity

A

Security-centric

79
Q

disinterested in the underlying causes of conflict and inequality

A

Superficial

80
Q

it reduces peace-building to a series of technocratic, template style tasks

A

Technocratic and rigid

81
Q

it is insufficiently aware of the human costs of shock therapy

A

Privileges neo-liberal economic policies

82
Q

despite emancipatory liberal language, it rarely heralds significant social change

A

Conservative

83
Q

attempting to maintain elite competition by maintaining democratic procedures? (From two-turnover test to strong civil society)

A

Procedural democracy:

84
Q

attempting to dismantle authoritarianism, by producing substantive outcomes? (including its technocratic forms)

A

Substantive democracy:

85
Q

Autocratic regimes and authoritarian regimes are mostly the continuation of previous dictatorships/non- democracies

A

The varieties of dictatorship significant

86
Q

Modern dictatorships begin in these ways:

A

coup, insurgency, popular uprising, foreign intervention, autocratic elite changes function, elated groups suppress competition.

87
Q

(military officers form the governing junta)

A

Coup

88
Q

(insurgent leader(s))

A

insurgency

89
Q

(interim leader assumes an authoritarian character)

A

Popular uprising

90
Q

changes the way of the functioning of autocracy

A

Autocratic elite

91
Q

suppress competition: authoritarianization or autogolpe

A

Elected group(s)

92
Q

emerges «when a president closes the courts and the legislature, suspends the constitution, and rules by decree until a referendum and a new legislative elections are held to approve broader executive power» (Cameron, 1998).

A

Autogolpe (self coup)

93
Q

undermines the minimal democracy and paves the way for the emergence of an autocracy.

A

The elected leader/group

94
Q

Empirical analysis shows that most of the dictatorships in the last seven decades were initiated by

A

military

95
Q

Authoritarian cooptation
The chaos following the seizure of power ends with the

A

contribution by collaborators

96
Q

Authoritarian cooptation
The previous contenders can be coopted. It becomes a frequently used method to

A

ensure survival of the regime

97
Q

Authoritarian cooptation
Co-opting challengers take various forms:

A

Creating employment opportunities, cash-flows to supporters, providing favours

98
Q

Egyptian army members running state-owned enterprises

A

Politicized connections and cooptation in Egypt

99
Q

Repression disorganizes the opposition and lessens the threats against the authoritarian rule.

organizing paramilitary groups

monitoring society

Faking democracy: Establishing parliaments, holding regular elections

A

Survival of the authoritarian regime

100
Q

The concept became more fashionable in the 21st century
Expressing disappointment with the democratic transition expectation.

A

Authoritarian resilience

101
Q

The anti-democratic pressures generated by

A

political economies of societies

102
Q

External anchors and financial support given to

A

authoritarian regimes

103
Q

perceived that there were levels of violence that could be used without increasing diplomatic costs.

A

Authoritarian incumbents

104
Q

new foreign borrowing to expand industrial production

increased partnership with multinational corporations

reliance on mega infrastructure projects and extracivitism

A

Strategies of accumulation (military-backed regime in the late 2010s)

105
Q

Domestic demand-led regime

Search for a new growth strategy in the last subperiod

Currency depreciation and export increases in the late 2010s, increased investment in this period

A

Growth model in Egypt

106
Q

Reconfiguration within the ruling bloc

Military as dominant fraction, IMF- monitoring of the economy

Austerity and credit dependency creating tensions

A

ruling bloc reconfiguration

107
Q

we are called a democracy because

A

the administration is in the hands of the many and not the few

108
Q

we are prevented by doing wrong by respect for

A

authorities and for the law

109
Q

Substantive approach presumes

A

that we know which outcomes are genuinely democratic

110
Q

Procedural approach provides an effective but

A

minimal conception

111
Q

needed in a quest to reclaim public institutions

A

A dynamic view

112
Q

serve particular functions but can be reclaimed to serve a public purpose

A

Public institutions and states

113
Q

-the end of Keynesian policies in the global North
-The crises of developmentalist interventions in the global South

A

Shock phase and transition to neoliberalism (1970s and 1980s)

114
Q

Mature phase of neoliberalism

A
  • Turn of century and institutional reforms
  • Social policy and mitigation of poverty

Poli Sci 130 (2 decks)

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