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Anatomy and Physiology > Mid Term - Study Guide > Flashcards

Mid Term - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define nucleus.

A
  • Houses the genetic material of the cell (DNA)
  • Directs all cell activity – The “Brain.”
  • Contained in its own membrane called the nuclear envelope.
  • Has protein lined channels called nuclear pores.
  • Allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus.
  • Small enough to let out the RNA molecules but not large enough to let out the DNA itself.
  • Chromatin - Loosely coiled fibers of protein and DNA that condense to form chromosomes.
  • Nucleolus (small dense body composed largely of RNA and protein.)
  • Small dense body of RNA where ribosomes are formed which travel through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
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2
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules or ions move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
• Molecules then become more evenly distributed or diffuse.

• Diffusion can only happen if
o The membrane is permeable to that substance
o A concentration gradient exists (substance is at a higher concentration on one side of the membrane or the other)

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3
Q

Filtration

A

Substances that are not able to pass through the lipid bilayer need the help of membrane proteins to get across
• only moves molecules from higher to lower concentration.
• If a molecule is not lipid-soluble, it can cross the membrane only with a specific carrier protein.
• Number of carrier molecules in the cell membrane limits the rate of facilitated diffusion.

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4
Q

Know which type of cell has many mitochondria

A

• Muscle Cells

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5
Q

Know the process for which the kidneys use to cleanse blood

A
  • Filtration
  • Forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure
  • Commonly used to separate solids from water
  • Blood pressure pushes small substances and water out of vessels and larger substances stay in
  • Hydrostatic pressure
  • Water filtered through due to gravity ie., coffee, filter, water
  • The impermeant substances hold water inside the vessels by osmosis preventing edema
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6
Q

Which cellular processes use energy and which one uses the greatest?

A 
•	Active Transport
•	Endocytosis
o	Pinocytosis
o	Phagocytosis
o	Receptor-mediated endocytosis
•	Exocytosis
•	ATP Molecules use the greatest amount of energy.
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7
Q

serous membranes.

A

• Serous – line body cavities that lack openings to the outside
o inner linings of the thorax & abdomen
o cover organs within these cavities

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8
Q

Name the 4 basic types of body tissues.

A

FOUR MAJOR TYPES

  • EPITHELIAL – form protective coverings and function in secretion and absorption
  • CONNECTIVE – support soft body parts and bind structures together.
  • MUSCLE – produce body movements.
  • NERVOUS – conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities.
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9
Q

What is exocytosis? What gland releases fluid by exocytosis?

A
  • Exocytosis – secretes the stored substance inside the cell within a vesicle out of the cell
  • Merocrine (or eccrine glands) – releases fluid by exocytosis.
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10
Q

Define adipose tissue (what is it and where can you find it) and name its function

A

• Adipose tissue – develops when certain cells store fat as droplets in their cytoplasm and enlarge.
• cushions joints and some organs
- insulates beneath the skin
- stores energy in fat molecules

• lies beneath the skin, in spaces between muscles.

o Around the kidneys,
o behind the eyeballs,
o in certain abdominal membranes,
o on the surface of the heart and around certain joints

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11
Q

What is another name for a sebaceous gland?

A
  • Holocrine gland

* Oil Gland

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12
Q

What makes the dermis layer strong?

A
  • It is composed of AREOLAR TISSUE along with DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE that includes tough TOUGH COLLIGEN FIBERS and ELASTIC FIBERS within a gel-like ground substance.
  • Networks of these fibers give the skin toughness and elasticity
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13
Q

Name the outermost and innermost layer of the epidermis

A

Outer Most Layer• The stratum corneum – layers of tough, tightly packed dead cells accumulate in the outer most layer of the epidermis (they eventually shed.)

Inner Most Layer = Stratum basale: innermost layer, dividing layer

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14
Q

What makes sweat smell?

A

The secretions of apocrine sweat glands include proteins and lipids that produce body odor when metabolized by skin bacteria

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15
Q

Name the layers of the skin (in order – top to bottom/bottom to top)

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Basement membrane?
  3. Dermis
  4. Subcutaneous layer ?
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16
Q

In a long bone, name the ends and the shaft of the bone

A
  • Proximal epiphysis - nearest the attachment to the trunk of the body
  • Diaphysis- the shaft of the bone
  • Distal epiphysis- farthest from the trunk of the body
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17
Q

Name the outer layer/covering of a long bone

A

• Hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage.

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18
Q

Movement terms:

A
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion

• ALL EXAMPLES FOUND ON POWER POINT #7 SLIDES 70-75 OR ON PAGE 177 OF THE TEXT

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19
Q

Why are the lumbar vertebrae larger and stronger than other vertebrae?

A

• They are adapted with larger and stronger bodies to support more weight than other vertebrae

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20
Q

What is a neurotransmitter/in general, what does it do?

A

• Chemical that n axon secretes at a synapse that stimulates or inhibits an effector (muscle or gland) or other neuron
•
When messages from the brain travel to a neuromuscular junction, chemicals called neurotransmitters cross the junction to stimulate the muscle fiber to contract

21
Q

Define fascia

A

• Fascia (a covering)

o Fibrous connection tissue that separates a muscle from an adjacent muscle and holds it in place

22
Q

Define aponeurosis

A

• Aponeurosis - Broad fibrous sheets that attach muscle to each other

23
Q

What does lactic acid make your muscles feel like?

A

• Accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles causes muscle fatigue and pain

24
Q

skeletal muscle // (striated vs non-striated, voluntary vs. involuntary)

A

• Skeletal (striated and voluntary)
o Movement of bones at joints, maintenance of posture
o Contracts and relaxes rapidly when stimulated by a motor neuron

25
Q

smooth muscle // (striated vs non-striated, voluntary vs. involuntary)

A

• Smooth (non-striated and involuntary)
o Multiunit SM Include eyes, walls of blood vessels)
 Muscle fibers are separate rather than organized into sheets
o Visceral SM (hollow organs- stomach, bladder)
 Composed of sheets of spindle-shaped cells in close contact with one another
o SM is involved in Peristalsis, Vasoconstrictio, movement of viscera
o SM is slower to contract and to relax than skeletal muscle
 Its self exciting and rhythmic

26
Q

cardiac muscle // (striated vs non-striated, voluntary vs. involuntary)

A

• Cardiac (striated and involuntary)
o Found only in the heart// pumping action of the heart
o Intercalated discs allow muscle impulses to pass feely so that they travel rapidly from cell to cell
o The discs help to join cells an to transmit the force of contraction from cell to cell. This allows for the whole structure to contract
o Is self-exciting and rhythmic. The patter of contraction and relaxation cause rhythmic contractions of the heart

27
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate?

A

o rest and digest // heart rate, blood pressure, breathing temperature.
o secrete acetylcholine
o are called cholinergic fibers

28
Q

The sympathetic nervous system regulate?

A

o fight or flight response // stressful situations and strenuous activities
o secrete norepinephrine
o are called adrenergic fibers

29
Q

The cerebrum is divided into two, left and right what?

A

• The left and right cerebral hemispheres

30
Q

efferent (motor) nerves

A

• Efferent Nerves - Motor
o carries impulse from the CNS to activate muscle or gland in response to stimuli
o Multipolar

31
Q

afferent (sensory) nerves

A

• Afferent nerves -Sensory
o carries impulses to the CNS
o Mostly unipolar, some bipolar

32
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A
  • Diencephalon – processes sensory information

* Composed largely of gray matter

33
Q

When speaking of the nervous system, what is another term for “polarized” and what does it mean?

A

• Polarized or resting potential
o Negative (inside) and positive (outside) charges exist on opposite sides of the cell membrane
o Neurons maintain the polarized status with the help of sodium and potassium “pumps”
o The “pumps” let sodium out and potassium in (active transport)

34
Q

In a fight or flight state, the sympathetic nervous system will do what to the heart rate?

A

increase

35
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

provides a sense of equilibrium

36
Q

Within the ear, where would you find fine hairs and ceruminous glands?

A

• The external auditory canal

37
Q

Which lobe of the brain do visual impulses travel to?

A

• Visual cortex of the occipital lobe

38
Q

Taste and smell receptors (olfactory receptors) are what kind of receptors?

A

• Chemoreceptors – chemicals dissolved in liquids stimulate them.

39
Q

Name the primary taste sensations

A
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Salty
  • Bitter
  • Umami (savory)
40
Q

What does the hormone ADH do to urine formation?

A

• Decreases urine formation

41
Q

Name a gonadotropic hormone

A
  • Follicle Stimulating hormone

* Luteinizing hormone

42
Q

Name the function of the thyroid gland

A
  • Helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • It increases the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, increases the rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates breakdown and mobilization of lipids
  • Is the major factor in determining how many calories the body must consume at rest in order to maintain life (BMR)
  • Is required for normal growth and development
  • Is essential to nervous system maturation
43
Q

The adrenal gland has two parts. Name them and what hormones do they both secrete?

A

• Adrenal Cortex
o aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
o Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
o Adrenal Sex hormones

•	Adrenal Medulla
o	epinephrine (adrenaline) 
o	norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
44
Q

What does insulin “do” with glucose when it functions properly?

A
  • stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose and inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose
  • Also promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose across cell membranes that have insulin receptors for use in cellular respiration
  • All of these actions decrease blood glucose concentration
  • Insulin secretion promotes transport of amino acids into cells, increases the rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates adipose cells to synthesize and store fat
45
Q

What tells the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones?

A
  • The hypothalamus secretes hormones that the blood carries directly to target cells in the anterior pituitary
  • Each of the hypothalamic hormones acts on a specific population of target cells; some are inhibitory but most stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones that stimulate secretions from peripheral endocrine glands
46
Q

What are hormone concentrations regulated by?

A

as hormone levels rise in the blood and the hormone exerts its effects, negative feedback inhibits the system, and hormone secretion decreases. When hormone levels decrease and the hormone’s effects are no longer taking place, inhibition of the system is lifted and secretion of that hormone increases again

47
Q

Growth hormones target what cells?

A
  • Glucose
  • glycerol
  • Fatty acids
  • carbs
  • Amino acids
48
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland – where is TSH secreted from?

A

• Hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion by secreting thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

49
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Mucous – line cavities and tubes that are open to the outside
o oral & nasal cavities
o tubes of digestive, respiratory, reproductive & urinary systems

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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