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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3 Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A
  • encloses the cell; thin an flexible; consists of lipids and proteins, with few carbohydrates
  • selectively permeable or semipermeable (only certain substances can enter or leave a cell
  • regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell and it the site of much biological activity
  • enable the cell to survive and to interact with other cells; use a molecular communication process called signal transduction
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2
Q

nucleus

A

houses the genetic material (DNA)

-enclosed in a doubled-layered nuclear envelope

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

fills out the cell

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4
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A
  • double layer framework of a cell membrane

- each molecule includes a phosphate group and two fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule.

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5
Q

Cholesterol molecules

A

rigid structures stabilizes the cell

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6
Q

ion channels

A
  • in the phospholipid bilayer that allows only particular ions to enter or leave the cell.
  • are specific for calcium (CA+2) sodium (Na+2) potassium (K+) or chloride (C1-)
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7
Q

Cellar Adhesion Molecule (CAM)

A

guides a cell’s interactions with other cells.

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8
Q

Proteins that have portions that extend from the outer surface of the cell membrane mark the cell as a part of particular tissue or organ belonging to a particular person

A
  • identification of “self”
  • important for functioning of the immune system
  • many of these proteins that extend from the outsides of cells are attached to carbohydrates, forming glycoproteins.
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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • gel like material that includes the cellular organelles
  • it makes up most of a cell’s volume
  • contains cytosol, protein rods and tubules (microfilament and microtubules) that form a framework, or cytoskeleton
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10
Q

cytosol

A

cytoplasm contains vast and complex networks of membranes and organelles suspended in the more-liquid cytosol

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11
Q

cytoskeleton

A

aka- cell skeleton

the framework (proteins rods, tubules, (microfilaments and microtubules)

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12
Q

organelles (5)

A

ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
vesicles
Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

tiny, spherical structures composed of proteins and RNA.

  • provide structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins.
  • scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER
  • polysomes enable a cell to quickly manufacture proteins required in large amounts.
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14
Q

polysomes

A
  • clusters of ribosomes in the cytoplasm

- enable a cell to quickly manufacture proteins required in large amounts.

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15
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • complex organelle composed of membrane-bound, flattened sacs, cylinders and fluid-filled, bubble like sacs called vesicles
  • membranous parts are interconnected and communicate with the cell membrane, the nuclear envelop and other organelles
  • winds from the nucleus out toward the cell membrane
  • provides a vast tubular network that transports molecules from one cell to another
  • participates in the synthesis of proteins and lipid molecules (molecules may leave the cell as secretions or be used within the cell for producing new ER or cell membrane as the cell grows
  • acts as quality control center for the cell.
  • forming protein to start to fold into the shape necessary for is function
  • identify and dismantle a misfolded proteins
  • studded with ribosomes, which give the ER a textured appearance.
  • proteins move through ER tubules to another organelle, the Golgi Apparatus, for further processing
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16
Q

Rough ER

A

parts of the ER with ribosomes

17
Q

smooth ER

A

as the ER nears the cell membrane, it becomes more cylindrical and ribosomes become sparse and then are no longer associated with ER.

  • along the SER are enzymes that are important in lipid synthesis, absorption of fats from the digestive tract, and the metabolism of drugs
  • cells that break down drugs and alcohol, such as liver cells have extensive networks of smooth ER
18
Q

Vesicles

A

membranous sacs that store or transport substances within a cell and between cells

19
Q

large vesicles

A

contain mostly water form when a part of the cell membrane folds inward and pinches off bringing solid material from outside the cell into the cytoplasm

20
Q

small vesicles

A

shuttle material from the rough ER to the golgi apparatus as part of the process of secretion

21
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stack of 5-8 flattened membranous sacs that resemble pancakes

refines, packages and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with ER.

a cell can have several

proteins arrive at the Golgi apparatus enclosed in vesicles composed of membraned from the ER sugar molecules were attached to some of the proteins in the ER, forming glycoproteins. these vesicles fuse with the membrane at the inner most end of the Golgi apparatus, which is specialized to receive glycoproteins. glycoproteins pass layer to layer through the Golgi stacks, they are modified chemically. when the glycoproteins reach the outer most layer, they are packaged in bits of Golgi membrane which bud off and form transport vesicles. a transport vesicle may then move to and fuse with the cell membrane releasing its contents to the outside secretion

22
Q

mitochondria

A

elongated, fluid-filled sacs that house most of the biochemical reactions that extract energy from the nutrients in digested food.

  • oblong, but vary somewhat in size and shape
  • move slowly through the cytoplasm and reproduce by dividing
  • inner layer (cristae); increases the surface area
  • connected to the cristae are enzymes that control some of the chemical reactions that release energy from nutrients in a process called cellular respiration
  • store this energy in the chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate
  • cell can easily use energy stored as ATP.
  • contain small amounts of their DNA
23
Q

lysomes

A

tiny membranous scat that house enzymes that dismantle debris

  • bud off sections of the Golgi apparatus
  • maintain the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function; as well as shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions.
24
Q

perozisomes

A

membranous sacs that are abundant in liver and kidney cells

  • house enzymes that catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions
  • break down hydrogen peroxide (a by product of metabolism) and fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol
25
Q

microfilaments

A
  • thin, thread like strands in the cytoplasm
  • they form in the cytoskeleton and are also part of certain structures (centrosomes, cilia, and flagella) that have specialized activities
  • tiny rods of the proteins actin
  • form meshworks or bundles, and provide cell motility(movement)
26
Q

microtubules

A
  • thin, thread like strands in the cytoplasm
  • they form in the cytoskeleton and are also part of certain structures (centrosomes, cilia, and flagella) that have specialized activities
  • long slender tubes with diameters two or three times those of microfilaments
  • composed of molecules of the globular protein tubulin, attached in a spiral to form a long tube.
27
Q

Centrosome

A

structure near a Golgi apparatus and the nucleus

- consists of two cylinders called centrioles

28
Q

centrioles

A

lie at right angles to each other
-composed of nine groups of three microtubules
during mitosis, the centrioles distribute chromosomes to newly forming cells

29
Q

cilia

A
  • motile structures that extend from the surfaces of certain cells
  • composed of microtubules similar to centrioles but with two additional microtubules in the center
  • move coordinated to and fro manner,so that rows of them beat in succession, producing a wave of motions
30
Q

flagella

A
  • motile structures that extend from the surfaces of certain cells
  • composed of microtubules similar to centrioles but with two additional microtubules in the center
  • much longer the cilia and usually a cell has only one
  • moves in an undulating wave, which begins at its base
  • tail of a sperm cell is a flagellum that enables the cell to “swim”
31
Q

nuclear envelope

A

consists of inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes
protein lined channels called nuclear pores that allow certain molecules to exit the nucleolus is large enough to let out the RNA molecules that carry genes messages but not large enough to let out DNA it’s self

32
Q

nucloplasm

A

nucleus fluid which nucleolus and chromatin are suspended

33
Q

nucleolus

A

small, dense body composed of largely RNA and proteins

ribosomes form in the nucleus and then migrate through nuclear pores to cytoplasm

34
Q

chromatin

A

consist of loosely coiled givers of DNA and proteins.

  • chromatin fivers coil tightly when the cell begins to divide
  • the condense to form the individual chromosomes
  • unwinds locally to permit access to the information in certain genes

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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