Mid term R.I.P Flashcards
1
Q
Emergent properties
A
- Properties that emerge at each level that were not present in the preceding one
- Due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
2
Q
Properties of life
A
- Life is highly organized
- Life requires a constant input of energy and raw materials
- Life has a strong homeostatic quality
- Life makes many short-term responses to stimuli in the surroundings
- Life reproduces itself
- Life adapts through evolution
- Growth and development
- Movement
3
Q
Levels of biological organization
A
- Chemical o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Proteins o Nucleic acids - Cellular o Tissues o Organs o Organ systems - Ecological o The organism o Populations o Communities o Ecosystems o Biosphere
4
Q
What makes a good hypothesis?
A
- Why did it do that? Or what made that happen? Question. Tests support the hypothesis
- “If… then” statement
5
Q
Describe deductive reasoning and hypothesis testing
A
- Deductive reasoning leads to predictions described as a form of “if… then” reasoning
6
Q
Function of a control group
A
Compare other results to - white mice on a sandy beach next to brown mice
7
Q
Draw, label, and explain the three particles that make up the atom
A
- Protons, neutrons, electrons
- Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom, and create the nuclear charge
- Electrons orbit the nucleus and balance out the positive charge to make the overall element neutral
8
Q
What is an isotope?
A
- Elements that have the same atomic number but a different atomic weight
o More or less neutrons (carbon 14)
9
Q
What is an ion?
A
- An element with more or less electrons than its neutral state
10
Q
What are covalent bonds?
A
- When two atoms share one electron
11
Q
Ionic bonds?
A
- When one atom gives an electron to another atom
12
Q
Hydrogen bonds and why they relate to water
A
- Noncovalent attraction between hydrogen and an electronegative atom
- Allows water molecules to connect and reconnect multiple times
13
Q
What is a polar covalent bond and why do they form?
A
- Electrons aren’t shared equally in a bond where one element is more electronegative than the other
14
Q
Why is H2O polar
A
- Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen so it attracts the electrons form hydrogen.
15
Q
Cohesion
A
- Water molecules stick to each other through H bonds
- When water molecules are attracted to other surfaces it’s called adhesion
16
Q
How water moves upward in the xylem tissue of a plant
A
- When water evaporates from leaves it causes pressure which brings water up from the roots, because all the water molecules are connected they pull each other up. (this is known as transpiration)
17
Q
What is temperature?
A
- The average kinetic energy of molecules in one area
18
Q
Reasons for waters high Cs
A
- Imagine energy is added (Bunsen burner) to a water molecule, this will make the molecule go faster, but because of hydrogens nature and it’s bonding with the water molecules, it’s harder to get them all to start moving. Same concept for cooling down, you have to slow them all down. It’s easier to calm down one three year old than it is to calm down 50 3 year olds.
19
Q
How evaporation lowers the temperature of the water fluid
A
- If water molecules leave the water, by breaking the h bonds, he takes his kinetic energy, leaving the rest with a lower average energy, which results in a lower temperature.
20
Q
Why does ice float
A
- The structure of water takes on a organized position when it is ice, because the molecules don’t move. This results in ice having a lower density than water
21
Q
three types of isomers
A
- Structural
- Geometric
- Enantiomer
22
Q
name all the chemical groups listed in figure 3.6 on page 47
A
hydroxyl -OH carbonyl C=O carboxyl -COOH amino group -NH2 sulfhydryl group -SH phosphate group -OPO3 methyl group -CH3
23
Q
Hydroxyl groups
A
- If there is an OH on a carbon chain, it is a hydroxyl group, common in alcohols
24
Q
Carbonyl
A
- Double bonded oxygen stuck on the side or end of a chain of carbons
o either a ketone (middle of chain) or a
o aldehyde (end of chain)
25
Q
Carboxyl
A
- Combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl, very common
o H on the OH tends to fall off, which ionizes the hydroxyl group. Often referred to as a carboxylic acid. –“ donates a hydrogen ion
26
Q
Amino
A
- Have nitrogen in them
o Very common in a group used to make proteins, they pick up hydrogen very easily and become positive charged – acts as a base
27
Q
Sulfhydryl
A
- Like hydroxyl, but instead of OH, it’s SH (sulfur atom),
28
Q
Phosphate
A
- Phosphorus atom in the middle surrounded by four O atoms, one of which is double bonded, two of them O negative. Phosphate always has a double negative charge.
