Mid Term Review Flashcards
Dependent variable
Part of an experiment you measure.
Independent Variable
Part of the experiment that you control
Steps in the scientific method include
1a: The title- the name of the experiment
1b: Stating the problem- (What, How, Why)
A: what is the experiment supposed to answer?
B:One sentence long, stated in question form.
Hypothesis
An educated guess predicting the outcome of the experiment.
A: Statement should be written: If, then… Format
Develop a control experiment
Only one variable is tested
Control
This variable stays the same during the experiment. It allows you to compare with the experimental data
Experimental
This variable is what you’re testing and comparing with the control.
Procedures
These are the detailed steps that the experimenter must follow in order to complete the experiment. The procedure must be written in detail, so anyone who tries this experiment won’t make any mistakes.
Analysis of data
Read and interpret charts, graphs, and written information.
Independent variable
This is the part that the experimenter controls.
Dependent variable
This is the part that the experimenter measures.
Conclusion
This determines if the experimenter’s hypothesis was supported or not.
What is ecology
The study of how organisms interact (live) with each other and the environment.
This includes
Abiotic (Nonliving) factors
Biotic (Living) factors
Abiotic (Nonliving) factors
Water, space, air, warmth, sunlight
Biotic (living) factors
Bacteria, plants, animals
Living vs. Nonliving
Biologists have created a list of characteristics of life by which we can recognize between living and Nonliving. Some nonliving things possess some of these characteristics of life, but they must possess ALL of theses characteristics to be considered living
Organization
Living things show an orderly structure. All are composed of one or more cells. Each cell contains the genetic material DNA that provides all the information needed to control the organisms life processes.
Reproduction
Living things produce offspring. Organisms don’t live forever they must replace themselves for the survival of their species.
Species
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.
Growth
An increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures. All organisms grow with different parts of the organism growing at different rates.
Development
All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism
Environment
Organisms live in a constant interface with their surrounding which includes the air, water, weather, temperature, any organism in the area and many other factors.
Stimulus
Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react.
Response
A reaction to a stimulus in an organism’s environment. The ability to respond to stimulus in the environment is an important characteristic, of living.
Homeostasis
The ability of the body to maintain an internal stable environment when the external environment is changing
Energy
Is the ability to cause change. Organisms get energy from food. Plants make their own food where as animals, fungi and other organisms get food by eating plants or animals. Organisms maintain homeostasis by using energy.
Adaptation
Any inherited structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond environmental factors and live to produce offspring. The gradual change in a species through adaptions over time is called evolution.
Environment
Every biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) things that surround an organism.
Levels of organization
Individual-smallest, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere-largest.
Habitat
A specific environment where animals live, it’s their home
Population
All the organisms of a species that live in the same area.
Community
Many different populations living in the same area.
Ecosystem
Made up of all living things such as bacteria, plants, and animals. They interact with another. Also deals with abiotic factors
Niche
The role each species plays in the ecosystem.
Biome
Large groups of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms.
Biosphere
The earth’s biosphere extends from the highest point in the sky.
Symbiosis
Are the relationships between the individuals of two (or more) different species.
Neutralism
Describes the relationship or lack thereof between two organisms. Both organisms are unaffected.
Mutualism
describes the relationship between two organisms and both organisms BENEFIT from each other.
Commensalism
describes the relationship between two organisms and ONLY one organism benefits while the other is unaffected.
Parasitism
describes the relationship between two organisms and one organism benefits while the other is harmed.
Competition
when organisms compete for vital resources, such as food, shelter, and space. Neither organism benefits. Competition can be between the same species or can be members of different species.
Predator
animals that eat other living things
Prey
animals that get eaten by other animals
Food Chains
show the relationship between predators and prey.
Autotrophs or Producers
these are animals that MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD to acquire energy. These plants make their own food by PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Hetertrophs or Consumers
these animals EAT other animals to acquire energy
Herbivores
these are animals that eat ONLY plants.
Carnivores
these are animals that EAT other animals
Decomposers
these animals break down dead animals
Scavengers
these animals EAT dead organisms.
Omnivores
these animals get BOTH plants and animals.
Parasites
these animals attack their host, but nearly kill them.
Food Webs
these are diagrams that show overlapping food chains in an ecosystem. Arrows always point towards the consumer this shows the flow of energy.
Biodiversity
the measurement of the number of different types of species living with an ecosystem.
Energy Pyramid
these are diagrams that show the amount of energy available at each step of a food chain. Each level of the pyramid is called a Trophic Level.
Primary Succession
when a pioneer organism first grow on a bare rock surface.
Secondary Succession
After a natural disaster (fire, storm, ext.) succession begins again.
Organic Compounds
contain the elements carbon and hydrogen . C6H120G=Glucose (Sugar)
Inorganic Compounds
does not contain one of these elements together. H2O=Water C02=Carbon Dioxide.
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells. An organisms can be unicellular, or single cell like some bacteria. Organisms such as plants and animals are multi-cellular, or made up of many cells.The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. All cells come from preexisting cells.
Exceptions to Cell Theory
There also is some question as to how the first cell arose.
Viruses lack typical cellular structure.
Cell Organization
The basic unit structures a cell. When a cell growth occurs and reproduction results in groups of cells that work together a tissue is formed. Tissues organize in various combinations to form Organ that perform more complex roles within the organism. Multiple organs that work together that an Organ System. All organ systems work together for survival of the organism,.
Prokaryotic Cells
A prokaryotic is an organisms made of a single prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells DO NOT have a nucleus or other internal compartments. They do not contain membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells
A eukaryote is an organism made up of one or more eukaryotic cells. The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found in the nucleus. They contain membrane bound organelles.
Organelles
An organelle is a small structure found in the cytoplasm that carries out specific out specific activities (jobs) inside prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It makes up the smallest level of organization.
Organelles found in the animal cell
Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, golgi bodies, vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleolus, mitochondria, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum.
Organelles found in the plant cell
cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome, golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, choroplast, cytoplasm, nucleolus, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall.
Charles Darwin
He developed the theory of evolution
Evolution
is the process by which species may change over time.
Natural Selection
Those organisms with the most beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Variation
There is variation (variety) in every population.
Competition
Organisms compete for limited population.
Offspring
Organisms produce more offspring for they can survive.
Genetics
Organisms pass genetic traits on to their offspring.
How do we know organisms existed millions of years ago?
There is a fossil record.
Speciation
is a lineage splitting event that produces two or more separate species.
Behavioral changes
are changes in species behavior for greater reproductive success.
Extinction
is the disappearance of entire species. Any time the death rate of individuals within a species is greater than the birth rate, extinction is a possibility.
