Mid Term ID reviews Flashcards
Sultan Abdulhamid II
Last Ottoman leader with great power, hero of Turkish Nationalism, dismissed European reforms, and creates amore centralized Islamic empire
Young Turk Revolution
Overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid. Driven by European Standards. Inspired by French revolution
Gallipoli Campaign
March 1915-January 1916. British attempt to capture Gallipoli peninsula to open a new front in WWI and fail greatly. Huge embarrassment for the British and source of pride for Ottomans
Siege of Kut
Kut is a small fortress territory in central Iraq that captured a few thousand British soldiers. British attempt to break soldiers free and fail. Another major British embarrassment.
Lawrence of Arabia
British officer and archaeologist who helped sponsor an Arab revolt to beat ottoman empire.
Hussein Bin Ali
Sharif of Mecca. Encouraged to form his own Arab kingdom and overthrow Ottoman Empire. Worked with Lawrence to outline Arab borders post the fall of the Ottomans
Gertrude Bell
“Queen of the Desert” archaeologist and traveler who saw the modern Iraqi state as combining 3 distinct provinces into one for economic benefit. Significant in future of British occupation in the middle east
Hussein McMahon Correspondence
series of letters sent between Henry MacMahon and Hussein bin Ali about British Involvement in an Arab kingdom and future borders. Vague and unspecific but establishes Arab right to self sovreignty
Sykes-Picot of 1916
Divides the middle east into British and French zones of Influence. Released by USSR
Balfour Declaration
British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. British wanted to create a loyal nation in the Palestine area to protect access to Suez Canal and personal relationships with Jewish Financiers
Chaim Weizmann
advocate of Zionism and First President of Israel
Edwin Montagu
Jewish member of British parliament. Against Balfour declaration. Thought a creation of Jewish national home would endanger Jews in Europe and create dual loyalties (between homeland and Jewish homeland)
Lord Curzon
Against Balfour. Sees a national Jewish home as impractical because Palestine is not agriculturally productive enough to support a large population
Aaron Aaronsohn
traveled throughout Ottoman empire to track the movement of Locusts. Offers mapping services to British in exchange for British support of zionist movement during WWI
Edmund Allenby
Leader of the last crusade. Brings together European entourage by British empire and leads forces into offense against Palestine and Jerusalem
Armenian Genocide
massacre of Armanian population within Ottoman Empire. Armenians perceived as internal threat. Millions of casualties
Operation Nemesis
3 individuals who were most responsible for death marches and genocide. A group of rogue Armenians seak out these 3 and assassinate them
Defense of Van
- Armenian victory and moment of triumph against Ottoman Empire. Used as reason for official deportation against Armenians
Wilsonian Movement
Promotion of self-determination in colonial states but only applicable to European states, no freedom for Middle Eastern or African colonies. Leads to mandate system
Great Syrian Revolt
Druze rural population revolted against the urban elite. Fueled by anti-french sentiments. Beginning of the creation of a Syrian identity
Wafd Party
Egyptian Delegation formed by elites. Transition from total monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. First and only populous government in middle east. First party to lead an independent Egypt
Sa’ad Zaghlul
Leader of Wafd part and tried to achieve independence from British post WWI
Ibn Saud
Takes control of Hejaz and holy cities after overthrow of Hashemite Monarchy. First king of Saudi Arabia
Treaty of Sevre(1921)
Between Allied powers and Ottoman Empire that established dissolve of Ottoman Empire and concession of Ottoman territories
Treaty of Lausanne
- Official establishment of the modern Turkish state. Abolishment of Ottoman empire and caliphs
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Heroic turkish figure. Established national secular state in Turkey and created a new Turkish identity. Removed arab influence
King Faisal
son of Hussein. Dictatorial ruler of Syria with a vision to expand borders into Palestine and Jordan. Also, put into power by British. Overthrown quickly and later became King of Iraq
Nebi Musa Riots
Religious tensions and anti-jewish ideas erupting in Syria. New call for Jewish self-defense and militaristic approach
Palin Commission 1921
Investigation of Nebi Musa riots. Call to end British Mandate system. Riots were a result of Arab discontent with British Palestine
Old Yishuv
communities in Palestine during Ottoman Empire. No nationalistic sentiments, religious, and impoverished
New Yishuv
Jewish communities inspired by socialist movements and focused on labor and land development
Kibbutz
Jewish socialist agricultural communities in Israel. Jewish immigrants work the land and split resources evenly amongst community
Raghib Nashashi
Appointed 1920-1934 as Jerusalem mayor. Absentee landowner, can’t have control of people when you are not in the region
Haj Amin Al Husseini
1921-1937. Grand mufti of Jerusalem. Uses religious rhetoric with nationalistic identity. Founded Arab Higher Committee 1936
Arab Higher Committee
Representatives of Arab clans in Palestine that organized strikes and protests. Based out of Cairo
Arab Revolt
1936-1939. Nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British demanding Arab independence and the end of a Jewish national home
Peel Commission
Declaration that there couldn’t be a unitary state: Israel and Palestine are separate
White Paper 1939
Rescinds Balfour Declaration. Established a Bi-National Palestine state and limited Jewish immigration. Closed off open border and safe haven for Jews
Muslim SS in WWII
Muslim Nazi group created by Haj Amin Al-Husseini and Hitler to undermine British mandate in Palestine
Irgun
Jewish Paramilitary Organization. Revisionist, militant zionism, and Anti-British. More radical than Haganah
Haganah
Labor party in Israel and main body of defense groups. Did not want to fight British Mandate or British war
King David Hotel Bombing
July 22, 1946. Executed by Irgun as anti-British terrorism. Brought down section of hotel housing British military headquarters
Exodus and Displaced Persons
ship that brought Jews liberated from concentration camps. Anchored in Palestine because of White Paper ban on Jewish immigration
Palestine Civil War
occurred in response to UN partition Plan. Arabs attacked Jewish convoys and deplete them of resources and food. War of the roads
Plan Dalet
Published March 1948. Defensive strategy to secure roads and end siege on Jerusalem
UNSCOP
UN partition plan that creates Arab and Jewish state borders and ends British mandate
Deir Yassin Massacre
Violent Irgun attack on Arab village. started cycle of violence
Hadassah Massacre
Arab response to Deir Yassin. Ambush and attack on Jewish Medical convoy
Al Nakba
Refugee crisis from civilians fleeing warzone in Palestine. Jewish military forcibly evacuated Arab populations. AHC is no help and absent
Golda Meir
First female prime minister of Israel. Gives Jordan monarchy religious legitimacy by giving Hashemites control over religious states.
UNRWA
UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees
Gahassan Kanafani
Palestinian leader in terrorist organization fighting for liberation of Palesine. Wrote “Men in the Sun” as message of the Palestinan people’s tragedies
Anti-Jewish Violence
Acts of violence against Jews in Baghdad led by Farhud (anti-Jewish mob)
Operation Magic Carpet
Airlift of 50,000 Jews out of Yemen into Israel. Lead to tension between middle Eastern Jews and European Jews in Israel
Michel Aflaq
Arab socialist and founder of Ba’ath party in Syria
Ba’ath Party
Sees entire middle east as part of one socialist identity. anti-imperialist and focusing on uniting Arab states. Centered in Damascus
Free Officer’s Coup
Revolution against Farouq lead by Nasser. Motivated to end British occupation and create reform
Gamal Abdul Nasser
Second President of Egypt. Invented Nasserism and brought ideas. Seen as hero in middle east and implements ideas of Pan Arabism and reform
Muhammad Naghib
First president of Egypt, brings some stability and constitutional monarchy. Overthrown by Nasser
Fellahin
“Peasant” concept of creating a national identity for all Arabs of Palestine and demand for vengeance. Arms and supports Palestinian refugees to attack Israel
Aswan Dam
Dam created by Nasser to control flow of Nile
Non-aligned movement
5 non-communist, post-colonial nations with central control and revolutionary leaders. Leveraged east-west division sides against each other to raise developmental aid
Nationalization of Suez Canal
Nasser now exercises control of the waterway under the state and can use it as collateral for trade deals. Threat to Britain and European powers. Seen as symbol of Egyptian power against imperial nations
Sawt al Arab
Radio channel used by Nasser to speak to all Egyptians and grow his popularity
Fedayeen and Palestinian Nationalism
Nasser supports Palestinian raids an military. Creates concept of Arab state in Palestine, giving Palestinian refugees a voice and national ties.
Suez Crisis
Nasser created an international crisis and concern for oil shipping. British, French, and Israel take armies into Egypt in an attempt to seize the canal
UN Peacekeeping
UN employs emergency force and demands Britian and France withdraw from Egypt. Israel demands de-militarization of Sinai Peninsula
United Arab Republic
Formed by Nasser and Shurki al-Quwatli of Syria in 1959. Puts Nasser as overlord over Syria, not as equals
Yemen Civil War
Yemen Arab republic vs Abdullah Sallal Nasser sides with republic as an opportunity to create Arab nationalist movement in Yemen
Egyptian Chemical War
Egyptians flood bunkers in Yemen with poisonous gas.
6 day war/June War
Israel bombed Egyptian Airfields to stop use of chemical gas. Jordan, Syria, and Egypt strike back and fail.
Consequences of 6 day War
end of Nasserism. Israel gains territory and refugees. Decline in Pan-Arab movement
