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middle east > Mid Term ID reviews > Flashcards

Mid Term ID reviews Flashcards

1
Q

Sultan Abdulhamid II

A

Last Ottoman leader with great power, hero of Turkish Nationalism, dismissed European reforms, and creates amore centralized Islamic empire

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2
Q

Young Turk Revolution

A

Overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid. Driven by European Standards. Inspired by French revolution

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3
Q

Gallipoli Campaign

A

March 1915-January 1916. British attempt to capture Gallipoli peninsula to open a new front in WWI and fail greatly. Huge embarrassment for the British and source of pride for Ottomans

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4
Q

Siege of Kut

A

Kut is a small fortress territory in central Iraq that captured a few thousand British soldiers. British attempt to break soldiers free and fail. Another major British embarrassment.

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5
Q

Lawrence of Arabia

A

British officer and archaeologist who helped sponsor an Arab revolt to beat ottoman empire.

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6
Q

Hussein Bin Ali

A

Sharif of Mecca. Encouraged to form his own Arab kingdom and overthrow Ottoman Empire. Worked with Lawrence to outline Arab borders post the fall of the Ottomans

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7
Q

Gertrude Bell

A

“Queen of the Desert” archaeologist and traveler who saw the modern Iraqi state as combining 3 distinct provinces into one for economic benefit. Significant in future of British occupation in the middle east

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8
Q

Hussein McMahon Correspondence

A

series of letters sent between Henry MacMahon and Hussein bin Ali about British Involvement in an Arab kingdom and future borders. Vague and unspecific but establishes Arab right to self sovreignty

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9
Q

Sykes-Picot of 1916

A

Divides the middle east into British and French zones of Influence. Released by USSR

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10
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. British wanted to create a loyal nation in the Palestine area to protect access to Suez Canal and personal relationships with Jewish Financiers

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11
Q

Chaim Weizmann

A

advocate of Zionism and First President of Israel

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12
Q

Edwin Montagu

A

Jewish member of British parliament. Against Balfour declaration. Thought a creation of Jewish national home would endanger Jews in Europe and create dual loyalties (between homeland and Jewish homeland)

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13
Q

Lord Curzon

A

Against Balfour. Sees a national Jewish home as impractical because Palestine is not agriculturally productive enough to support a large population

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14
Q

Aaron Aaronsohn

A

traveled throughout Ottoman empire to track the movement of Locusts. Offers mapping services to British in exchange for British support of zionist movement during WWI

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15
Q

Edmund Allenby

A

Leader of the last crusade. Brings together European entourage by British empire and leads forces into offense against Palestine and Jerusalem

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16
Q

Armenian Genocide

A

massacre of Armanian population within Ottoman Empire. Armenians perceived as internal threat. Millions of casualties

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17
Q

Operation Nemesis

A

3 individuals who were most responsible for death marches and genocide. A group of rogue Armenians seak out these 3 and assassinate them

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18
Q

Defense of Van

A
  1. Armenian victory and moment of triumph against Ottoman Empire. Used as reason for official deportation against Armenians
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19
Q

Wilsonian Movement

A

Promotion of self-determination in colonial states but only applicable to European states, no freedom for Middle Eastern or African colonies. Leads to mandate system

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20
Q

Great Syrian Revolt

A

Druze rural population revolted against the urban elite. Fueled by anti-french sentiments. Beginning of the creation of a Syrian identity

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21
Q

Wafd Party

A

Egyptian Delegation formed by elites. Transition from total monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. First and only populous government in middle east. First party to lead an independent Egypt

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22
Q

Sa’ad Zaghlul

A

Leader of Wafd part and tried to achieve independence from British post WWI

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23
Q

Ibn Saud

A

Takes control of Hejaz and holy cities after overthrow of Hashemite Monarchy. First king of Saudi Arabia

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24
Q

Treaty of Sevre(1921)

A

Between Allied powers and Ottoman Empire that established dissolve of Ottoman Empire and concession of Ottoman territories

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25
Q

Treaty of Lausanne

A
  1. Official establishment of the modern Turkish state. Abolishment of Ottoman empire and caliphs
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26
Q

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

A

Heroic turkish figure. Established national secular state in Turkey and created a new Turkish identity. Removed arab influence

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27
Q

King Faisal

A

son of Hussein. Dictatorial ruler of Syria with a vision to expand borders into Palestine and Jordan. Also, put into power by British. Overthrown quickly and later became King of Iraq

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28
Q

Nebi Musa Riots

A

Religious tensions and anti-jewish ideas erupting in Syria. New call for Jewish self-defense and militaristic approach

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29
Q

Palin Commission 1921

A

Investigation of Nebi Musa riots. Call to end British Mandate system. Riots were a result of Arab discontent with British Palestine

30
Q

Old Yishuv

A

communities in Palestine during Ottoman Empire. No nationalistic sentiments, religious, and impoverished

31
Q

New Yishuv

A

Jewish communities inspired by socialist movements and focused on labor and land development

32
Q

Kibbutz

A

Jewish socialist agricultural communities in Israel. Jewish immigrants work the land and split resources evenly amongst community

33
Q

Raghib Nashashi

A

Appointed 1920-1934 as Jerusalem mayor. Absentee landowner, can’t have control of people when you are not in the region

34
Q

Haj Amin Al Husseini

A

1921-1937. Grand mufti of Jerusalem. Uses religious rhetoric with nationalistic identity. Founded Arab Higher Committee 1936

35
Q

Arab Higher Committee

A

Representatives of Arab clans in Palestine that organized strikes and protests. Based out of Cairo

36
Q

Arab Revolt

A

1936-1939. Nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British demanding Arab independence and the end of a Jewish national home

37
Q

Peel Commission

A

Declaration that there couldn’t be a unitary state: Israel and Palestine are separate

38
Q

White Paper 1939

A

Rescinds Balfour Declaration. Established a Bi-National Palestine state and limited Jewish immigration. Closed off open border and safe haven for Jews

39
Q

Muslim SS in WWII

A

Muslim Nazi group created by Haj Amin Al-Husseini and Hitler to undermine British mandate in Palestine

40
Q

Irgun

A

Jewish Paramilitary Organization. Revisionist, militant zionism, and Anti-British. More radical than Haganah

41
Q

Haganah

A

Labor party in Israel and main body of defense groups. Did not want to fight British Mandate or British war

42
Q

King David Hotel Bombing

A

July 22, 1946. Executed by Irgun as anti-British terrorism. Brought down section of hotel housing British military headquarters

43
Q

Exodus and Displaced Persons

A

ship that brought Jews liberated from concentration camps. Anchored in Palestine because of White Paper ban on Jewish immigration

44
Q

Palestine Civil War

A

occurred in response to UN partition Plan. Arabs attacked Jewish convoys and deplete them of resources and food. War of the roads

45
Q

Plan Dalet

A

Published March 1948. Defensive strategy to secure roads and end siege on Jerusalem

46
Q

UNSCOP

A

UN partition plan that creates Arab and Jewish state borders and ends British mandate

47
Q

Deir Yassin Massacre

A

Violent Irgun attack on Arab village. started cycle of violence

48
Q

Hadassah Massacre

A

Arab response to Deir Yassin. Ambush and attack on Jewish Medical convoy

49
Q

Al Nakba

A

Refugee crisis from civilians fleeing warzone in Palestine. Jewish military forcibly evacuated Arab populations. AHC is no help and absent

50
Q

Golda Meir

A

First female prime minister of Israel. Gives Jordan monarchy religious legitimacy by giving Hashemites control over religious states.

51
Q

UNRWA

A

UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees

52
Q

Gahassan Kanafani

A

Palestinian leader in terrorist organization fighting for liberation of Palesine. Wrote “Men in the Sun” as message of the Palestinan people’s tragedies

53
Q

Anti-Jewish Violence

A

Acts of violence against Jews in Baghdad led by Farhud (anti-Jewish mob)

54
Q

Operation Magic Carpet

A

Airlift of 50,000 Jews out of Yemen into Israel. Lead to tension between middle Eastern Jews and European Jews in Israel

55
Q

Michel Aflaq

A

Arab socialist and founder of Ba’ath party in Syria

56
Q

Ba’ath Party

A

Sees entire middle east as part of one socialist identity. anti-imperialist and focusing on uniting Arab states. Centered in Damascus

57
Q

Free Officer’s Coup

A

Revolution against Farouq lead by Nasser. Motivated to end British occupation and create reform

58
Q

Gamal Abdul Nasser

A

Second President of Egypt. Invented Nasserism and brought ideas. Seen as hero in middle east and implements ideas of Pan Arabism and reform

59
Q

Muhammad Naghib

A

First president of Egypt, brings some stability and constitutional monarchy. Overthrown by Nasser

60
Q

Fellahin

A

“Peasant” concept of creating a national identity for all Arabs of Palestine and demand for vengeance. Arms and supports Palestinian refugees to attack Israel

61
Q

Aswan Dam

A

Dam created by Nasser to control flow of Nile

62
Q

Non-aligned movement

A

5 non-communist, post-colonial nations with central control and revolutionary leaders. Leveraged east-west division sides against each other to raise developmental aid

63
Q

Nationalization of Suez Canal

A

Nasser now exercises control of the waterway under the state and can use it as collateral for trade deals. Threat to Britain and European powers. Seen as symbol of Egyptian power against imperial nations

64
Q

Sawt al Arab

A

Radio channel used by Nasser to speak to all Egyptians and grow his popularity

65
Q

Fedayeen and Palestinian Nationalism

A

Nasser supports Palestinian raids an military. Creates concept of Arab state in Palestine, giving Palestinian refugees a voice and national ties.

66
Q

Suez Crisis

A

Nasser created an international crisis and concern for oil shipping. British, French, and Israel take armies into Egypt in an attempt to seize the canal

67
Q

UN Peacekeeping

A

UN employs emergency force and demands Britian and France withdraw from Egypt. Israel demands de-militarization of Sinai Peninsula

68
Q

United Arab Republic

A

Formed by Nasser and Shurki al-Quwatli of Syria in 1959. Puts Nasser as overlord over Syria, not as equals

69
Q

Yemen Civil War

A

Yemen Arab republic vs Abdullah Sallal Nasser sides with republic as an opportunity to create Arab nationalist movement in Yemen

70
Q

Egyptian Chemical War

A

Egyptians flood bunkers in Yemen with poisonous gas.

71
Q

6 day war/June War

A

Israel bombed Egyptian Airfields to stop use of chemical gas. Jordan, Syria, and Egypt strike back and fail.

72
Q

Consequences of 6 day War

A

end of Nasserism. Israel gains territory and refugees. Decline in Pan-Arab movement

middle east (3 decks)

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