Final IDs Flashcards
1967 War
Israel bombed Egyptian Airfields June 5-10, as a pre-emptive strike to eliminate airpower and stop the use of chemical weapons. Israel is successful due to ineptness of Egypt and Syria’s armies and acquires territory.
War of attrition
fighting between Israel and Egypt along the Sinai Peninsula borders. Egypt wins. Turning point for Egyptian nationalist identity and allows Egyptian military to redeem itself.
Palestinian Liberation Organization
Creates unified territories under one authority with new nationalist agenda. Beginning of Palestinian nationalist movement and emergence of Palestinian identity.
Nasser’s death
September 1970, end of Nasserism and decline of Pan-Arabism
Hafez al-Assad
collapse of Aflaq’s Syria and end of Pan-Arab nationalism in Syria. Introduced corrective movement.
corrective movement
Introduced by Hafez al-Assad in Syria. New socio-political hierarchy with family dictatorship, minority controlled government ruled by Alawite.
3 Nos of Khartoum
No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with Israel. Meeting of Arab League.
Bar-Lev Mentality
After victory of June 1967, Israeli state emerges with hyper mentality and confidence in security of Israel and military stability. Believed Egypt would never try and strike again.
Surface to Air Missle
new soviet missile technology created zone of protection for ground troops. Able to move defensive line foreword and take down Israeli air force
Operation Badr
Egyptian military trained for 18 months to enter Bar Lev. Waited util Yom Kippur to strike when most of the country was shut down.
Yom Kippur War
Egyptian military strikes Israel on Yom Kippur when they are defenseless. Egyptians crossed and captured Suez Canal. Huge disaster for Israel.
Operation Nickel Grass
US sends tons of material and aircraft to rearm Israeli military force. Soviets rearm Egypt/Syria and threatens intervention.
Anwar Sadat
Egyptian military officer known as hero of the crossing. Successful in crossing the Suez Canal.
Infitah Economic Policy
Launched by Anwar Sadat in 1974 to shift away from a Nasserist Egypt. Overturned the socialist and nationalist economy of Nasser and formed an open door economy that encouraged foreign investment. Ultimately failed to develop Egyptian government/economy.
Camp David Accords
1978, Anwar Sadat wanted US economic support and negotiates expensive peace treaty with Jimmy Carter. Both Israel and Egypt receive economic aid and become allies with US. US pays Israel to give up Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in an agreement of Land for Peace.
Oslo Accords
(1993) Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat come together. Yasser Arafat agreed to lay down arms of Palestine Liberation Organization, renounce terrorism, and recognize Israel. Plan fell through and undermined by Palestinian militant nationalism.
Israel-Jordan Peace
1994, Between Yitzhak and King Hussein. International Boundary and freedom of Passage between Israel and Jordan. Exchange of water resources and more cross-border econ activity. Jordan given more control over religious states.
Tunisian and Moroccan Independence from France
(1956) France grants independence to Tunisia and Morocco after Algerian War of Independence. French wanted to isolate Algeria. Mohamed V comes to power at the same time as gaining independence.
French Algerian Colony
(1830-1962) European settlements clash with Independence movement run by Algerians
Ahmed Ben Bella
Socialist and Nationalist leader of Algerian National Liberation Front in Battle of Algiers 1956-57
Algerian FLN
center of Algerian independence movement in Algerian war
Charles De Gaulle
President of France. Seen as the one person who can bring an equitable solution to Algeria. Sees Algeria as a threat to pure, white French identity and French nationalist agenda.
Evian Accords
(1962): French government defeats FLN and wins War of Independence. Images of FLN independence movement and French atrocities spread globally and spread awareness for FLN in Global Battle of Public Opinion. Algeria wins battle of Public Opinion and granted independence.
Muammar Qaddafi’s Libya
Islamic socialism, nationalizes foreign oil companies, long-ruling dictatorship in Libya
Saudi ARAMCO
National oil company in Saudi Arabia founded by Standard Oil in 1933. In 70s-80s: control of the company passed to Saudi ownership. Seized international companies: shipping refining, exploration all involved.
Rentier State
National oil companies nationalize oil resources and distribute oil wealth amongst the state. Entire state model is structured around natural resources and oil where every citizen gets paid by oil checks. No taxation or representation.
Dangers of rentier state
entirely dependent on oil and natural resources, lack of human capital, foreign intervention, income disparity, lazy population, poor governance, long term instability, absence of taxes
Creation of OPEC
Founding members: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, and Venezuela. All control and set price of oil
1973 Arab Oil Embargo
Saudi Arabia stops selling oil to Europe and US in protest of US support for Israel and bans any country that supports Jerusalem. Created global gas shortage and economic downturn. Ultimately didn’t work and was detrimental to Oil companies.
Post 1973 Energy conservation
Long term effect of 1973 Oil embargo is conservation movement. US increases biofuel usage, oil taxes, mile per gallon. Increase in price of oil.
Eastern feminism
vision of secular society rather than religious feminism. Feminism is not dependent of concepts of head covering. Women’s movement in line with Arab nationalism: Patriotic Motherhood.
State feminism
Women in ruling family may have same rights as men, while the rest of women have no real equality. Vision of equality presented to western audience. Perpetuated Myths of Women’s rights and freedoms and a socioeconomic gap in equality
Quiet Revolution
A book by Egyptian scholar, Leila Ahmed, about the transition in middle eastern society in 70s. Depicts repression of women, European feminism, state feminism, and hijab activism
Yacoubian building
Arabian film on period of Islamic revolution. Focuses on taboo subjects in Egypt: decline of elite, sexual harassment, homosexuality, and income inequality
Anglo-Iranian Oil company
British venture into Iran. National oil company, under state control, leads to oil wealth. Iran becomes modern state of Middle East due to oil wealth. Leads to modernization.
Muhammad Mosadeq
member of Iranian parliament 1951-53 who was pushing for reform. Overthrown by religious and foreign opposition in coup in 1953
Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi:
Comes to power in Iran in White Revolution after 1963. Introduced western style capitalist economy to Iran and Islamic revolution. Modernized: Women’s rights, education, health, economy, military. However, also: absence of political rights, human rights violations, and secret police under Shah
Ayatollah Khomeini and the Revolutionary Myth
Opposition to Shah was not solely religious. Included modern secularists, educated, communist parties. Ayatollah promises revolution and period of autocracy in Iran.
Islamic Republic of Iran
parallel government set up: for every secular component within the state, there is a religious equivalent. Under Ayatollah.
Hassan al-Banna
organization that created a social society in Egypt in place of the Egyptian state with the Muslim Brotherhood. Based on missionary and charity organizations. Anti-western, and anti-imperial.
Political Islam
extension of Islamic tradition outside of the religious domain. Focus on reforming education curriculum to indoctrinate next generations. Islam is the Solution
Sayyid Qutb
most important modern thinker in middle east and history of radical Islamic movements. Member of Muslim Brotherhood during 1960s. Jailed and executed after failed attempt at murdering Nasser. Martyr status. Targeted non Islamic world, Arab-nationalism and secular ideology as un-islamic
Jahiliyya
Age of Ignorance. Pre-Islamic period of time. Targeting members of middle east and secular leaders.
Khafir
non-believer. Sayyid Qutb Ideology.
PFLP
Population Front for the liberation of Palestine. Wanted to bring global attention to national Palestinian refugee crisis.
Black September
Jordanian terrorist reprisals against Palestinian refugee camps in September 1970. Terrorism brings public attention to the cause and creates a cult-like devotion of followers.
Radical Religious terrorism
secular terrorism transforms to radical religious terrorism. Emerges 1970s. Important moment in dominance of Islam occurring in political spheres and brought Islam into central authority.
1972 Munich Olympics and Mass Media
Terrorist attack and Israeli targeted killings at Olympic games. Tragic murder of Israeli athletes. Put National Islamic movement on global radar.
Seizure of Grand Mosque
(1979) First effective modern Islamic terrorist movement. Transition point where terrorism is co-opted by religious organizations (not just nationalists)
Peace of the Galilee
1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon. Unstable political religious society in Jordan + introduction of Israel as an external force to conflict and violent civil war. War breaks out when Bashir Gemayel (Lebanese president) is assassinated.
1983 Beirut Barracks Bombing
Beirut barracks bombs detonated against US. Largest terrorist bombing conducted in Middle East and first emergence of Hezbollah (Party of Allah). Most powerful political organization in Lebanon. End of Palestinian leadership in Beirut.
Muhammar Qaddafi
Extremely wealthy Libyan leader who established Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which was actually a dictatorship. Creates successful terrorist network as a response to external terrorism.
Saudi Wahabi Financing
Conservative Islam funded Wahhabist Saudi movements to control messaging of Islam and create one specific ideology in Saudi Arabia (through education and media)
Hama Massacre
Syrian army besieged the town of Hama due to its huge concentration of Muslim brotherhood members: threat to secular state. Hama Justice was violent reprisal against religious movements.
Iran-Iraq Stalemate
Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988: Iraqi invasion of Iran to destabilize Iranian republic. Ended in a stalemate in 1984-1988. Iraq used chemical warfare. Massive war debts on both sides.
Iranian Child Soldiers
Iran was short of supplies (due to weapons embargo post 1979). Used children to serve in frontline of Iranian army to protect soldiers, tanks, and army weaponry.
Iran Contra Affair
1985, bloody civil war: contras in Nicaragua. Israel brokered arms shipment to Iran for US dollars.
Kurdish genocide
Iran gave support to Kurdish military in Iraq Kurdish genocide
Halabja Massacre
March 16, 1986, innocent Kurdish civilians in Iraq were killed by poisonous gas during Iran-Iraq war. First time chemical warfare was used internally, against one’s own population.
Iraqi War Debt
$80 billion in war debt. Collapse of Saddam’s patronage network: Saddam is broke, price of oil collapses, all around crisis for Iraq who is dependent on oil wealth. Palestinians and Yemenites support Iraq.
Al-Qaeda
founded by Osama Bin Laden, child of a wealthy construction family in Yemen, who moves to Afghanistan. Targeted US in 9/11 attacks
Second Gulf War
US invades Iraq in 2003 due to: Saddam’s support for terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, global oil supply, effort to free Iraq from tyrant.
