Mid-Term Exam Flashcards by Natasha Welch

This is the therapeutic exercises, physical modalities, aquatic therapy, thermal therapies and assistive devices with the goal to restore, maintain and maximize physical strength and function, by addressing the underlying physical impairments

Physical Therapy

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Physical therapy is limited in many states to what type of medicine?

Human medicine

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What are some reasons to choose physical rehabilitation?

To preserve and improve function
To manage pain - acute vs. chronic
To return to function following injury or surgery
To train and condition for specific activities
To provide comprehensive management for our veterinary patients
To empower the owner and clinician

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What are some non-surgical indications for rehab?

OA
Degenerative myelopathy
FCE, ANNPE
Other neuropathies

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What are post-surgical orthopedic and neurologic indications for rehab?

Stifle surgeries
Patella surgeries
Hip surgeries
Fracture repairs
Ventral slots
Hemilaminectomy
Stabilization

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What are some “general” indications for rehab?

Non-surgical disorders
Post-surgical orthopedic and neurologic injuries
Canine athletes
Working canines
Alternative to surgery
Prehab

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What are the components of an assessment given a holistic approach?

Goals, Physical limitations, Environmental, Owner, Personality

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Name the 4 phases of healing

Acute or inflammatory (Day 1-5), Subacute or proliferative (Day 5-21), Consolidation phase (Day 21-60), Organizational phase (beginning day 61)

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The acute or inflammatory (phase 1) phase is during what days?

Day 1-5

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The subacute or proliferative (phase 2) phase is during what days?

Day 5-21

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The consolidation phase (phase 3) phase is during what days?

Day 21-60

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The organizational phase (phase 4) phase is during what days?

Beginning at day 61

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What is the #1 co-morbidity that rehab has to deal with?

Obesity

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What are some considerations for designing a rehab plan?

Pain level, phase of healing, exercise restrictions, contraindications, owner schedules/commitment

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What is the one instance where exercise in a rehab plan be contraindicated?

Acute pain (use modalities and manual therapies only)

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This is a hole in the skin which communicates with one or more internal organs by way of meridian or collateral

Acupoints

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How many meridians are there in acupuncture?

12 major bilateral and 2 major unpaired

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Name the Zang organs (Yin, solid)

Lung, Heart, Spleen, Liver, Kidney, Pericardium, Conception vessel

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Name the Fu organs (Yang, hollow)

Large intestine, small intestine, stomach, gall bladder, bladder, triple heater, governing vessel

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Name the type for each acupoint below
- overlie superficial nerves or plexuses
- motor points
- located at muscle-tendon junctions
- midline points where bilateral superficial nerves overlap

III, I, IV, II

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Name the type for each acupoint below
- motor points
- midline points where bilateral superficial nerves overlap
- overlie superficial nerves
- located at muscle-tendon

I, II, III, IV

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Acupoints are found mostly in what?

Depressions

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Nociceptors should respond to what 3 types of stimuli?

Mechanical, thermal, and chemical (and electrical)

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Endogenous pain inhibition involves what 3 substances?

Enkephalins, serotonin, norepinephrin

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What gauges of needles are used for acupuncture?

28-34 gauge

What are some adverse effects of acupuncture?

Bent/stuck needles, broken needles, punctures of organs/joint capsules, infections, hematomas, exacerbation of clinical signs

This is a place where you get contraction knots in the muscle fibers

Ashi or Trigger points

What is an example of a clinical application of acupuncture?

Trigger points or Ashi

What 3 points make up the “hip triangle”?

BL 54, GB 29, and GB 30

What point is the “master point for pelvic limbs”?

BL 54

What is the “master point for the caudal back and hips”?

BL 40 (popliteal fossa)

The “hip triangle” is used to treat what conditions?

OA and hip dysplasia

BL 40 or the “master point for the caudal back and hips” treats what kind of conditions?

Pelvic limb pain, weakness, urinary retention, stifle pain

What is the “master point for the stomach and GI tract”?

ST 36

ST 36 or the “master point for the stomach and GI tract” treats what kind of conditions?

Stifle pain, GI motility or disease, pelvic limb dysfunction

What is the “master point of the chest and cranial abdomen”?

PC 6

PC 6 or the “master point of the chest and cranial abdomen” treats what kind of conditions?

Nausea and vomiting, cranial GI tract dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias

What is the “master point of the face and mouth”?

LI 4

LI 4 or “master point of the face and mouth” treats what conditions?

Dental pain, facial pain, headache, sympathetic regulation

What point is the “100 convergences shen point”?

GV 20

GV 20 or “100 convergences, shen point” treats what conditions?

Agitation, headaches, dizziness, cerebrovascular

What point is the “resuscitation point?

GV 26 - activates the sympathetic nervous system

GV 26 or the “resuscitation point” treats what kind of conditions?

Cardiopulmonary arrest, apnea

Name some types of performance and working activities

Agility, rally, obedience, conformation, fly ball, dock diving, field trials/hunt tests, working dog activities

This type of activity is timed, fast-paced where the dog is guided by voice commands and body signals. Soft tissue injuries is most common with this activity (should, illiopsoas strain, CCL).

Agility

This is the more relaxed version of agility where injuries are not as common

Rally

This activity involves a judge that instructs the handlers to have the dogs perform exercises/commands. Shoulder injuries are most common.

Obedience

This activity is a relay style race with 4 dogs. Common injuries are chronic repetitive stress injuries (shoulder, carpus, hip, arthritis).

Flyball

This activity involves dogs competing by jumping for distance from a dock. Back pain and hip injuries most common.

Dock diving

This activity involves dogs retrieving game birds by traversing over land and water. Common injuries are feet, carpus, carpal Hyperextension.

Field Trials/Hunt Trials

After an Femoral Head and Neck Ostectomy (FHO) is performed, when should the dog start maintain Range of Motion?

Immediately!

What is the most common complication from a Total Hip Replacement (THR)?

Hip Dislocation/Luxation

After a Total Hip Replacement is performed, there should be no abduction/adduction, the leg should ONLY move in a ______ plane

Sagittal

This procedure uses extracapsular stabilization around the fabella and has a good prognosis

Lateral Fabellar Suture

For Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) and Tibial Tuberosity Advancement patients can begin underwater treadmill as early as how long post-op?

2 weeks

This is the rubbing and kneading of muscles and joints of the body with the hands, especially to relieve tension or pain

Massage

What are the therapeutic benefits of massages?

- Decreases muscle tone - Increase muscle pliability - Increased venous return - Increased lymphatic flow

The mechanism of massage therapy activates the _______ ______ receptors

Pleasure sensory receptors

What endogenous hormones are released and neurotransmitters stimulated during massage therapy?

Dopamine, Serotonin, Endorphins, Oxytocin

What are some indications for massage therapy?

Swelling and edema, prolonged Recumbency, osteoarthritis, chronic pain, cancer pain, palliative/hospice, contractures, trigger points, athletic warm up and recovery

What are some contraindications for massage therapy?

Cutaneous diseases, shock, fever, acute incision, aggressive demeanor

This is defined as rhythmic stroking parallel with muscle fibers

Effleurage

This is defined as skin rolling, wringing, or squeezing to break up adhesions/knots, relieve muscle spasms, contractures, and improves blood flow

Petrissage/Kneading

This is defined as rhythmic percussion with the edge of hand or cupped hand technique that stimulates and provides warmth. It can also be used as parasympathetic NS stimulation

Tapotement

This is defined as soft tissue manipulation used around joints/tendons, on trigger points and adhesions to break up scar tissue

Friction

This is a hyper irritable spot, usually within a taut band of skeletal muscle which is painful on compression and can give rise to characteristic referred pain, motor dysfunction, and autonomic phenomena

Myofascial Trigger points

This is defined as a trembling movement that provides relaxation prior to deeper massage techniques

Vibration

This is when an outside force, such as a therapist, causes movement of a joint. It is usually the maximum range of motion

Passive range of motion

What are some benefits of passive range of motion?

- Promote joint health - Decrease/ prevents adhesions - Decreases edema

What are some indications for range of motion?

Post-surgical, No active/voluntary limb use (pelgic), osteoarthritis

This requires putting a body part in a certain position that’ll serve in the lengthening and elongation of the muscle and muscle group and thus enhance it’s flexibility and elasticity

Stretching

What are some benefits of stretching?

Elongates muscle, improves contracture, restores full ROM, and improves comfort during actvitiy

What are two indications for stretching?

Athletes and Tightness

This is a manual therapy technique, which depending on how its implemented and the goals of the therapist, can help reduce pain, improve joint function, and increase ROM around that joint

Joint Mobilization

What are the two types of joint mobilization?

Physiologic and Accessory

This is a type of mobilization that’s motion mimics voluntary movements

Physiologic joint mobilization

This is a type of joint mobilization thats motion could NOT be accomplished by voluntary movements

Accessory joint mobilization

This is a type of sensation or feeling that the examiner experiences when the joint is at the end of its available passive range of motion in assessment

Joint End Feels

This is an end feel when the joint has full ROM and the range is stopped by the anatomy of the joint

Normal End Feel

This is when the range of the joint is less or greater than normal and is painful, or when a structure other than the normal anatomy of the joint stops the motion

Abnormal End Feel