mid-term exam Flashcards
ability to recognize ethical issues and make ethical distinctions to formulate judgments about what is good, right, or virtuous
Ethical Discernment
applying knowledge and skills of communication appropriately, responsively, and ethically in a specific situation
Competent Communication
Focuses on ethics as a practice for problem-solving that applies concepts and theories about what is good, right, or virtuous in real-world situations
Ethics as practical philosophy
Addresses real-world situations in ways that are local, timely, and responsive to the facts of a situation, rather than abstractly focusing on ethical issues and problems
Ethics as practical philosophy
Much communication, especially oral communication, is
__________ and leaves no physical trace of its existence
ephemeral
A form of action that uses symbols to promote cooperation by encouraging communicators to identify with one another
Rhetorical communication
Each communicator participates in a complex process of creating shared meanings with other communicators that affects everyone involved in the communication process
Transactional communication
Consists of the meanings communicators create and share as they communicate with one another. These meanings influence communicators’ perceptions and understanding of what they communicate
Content dimension
Concerns how communication acts and episodes that co-create meaning, and simultaneously co create relational connections or links between communicators
Relational Dimension
A process in which our language use responsively creates meaning and relational connection with others and so creates social worlds such as our relationships, workplaces, and communities
Constitutive communication
Involves openness and focus on another person, creating a relational syncing between the acknowledger and another.
Positive acknowledgment
Truthful, open, and clear communication
Authentic Communication
Two or more people authentically communicating, face-to-face, in an open-ended and nonjudgmental process to understand one another
Common Definition of Dialogue
Communicators do not need to meet or even know of one another’s existence, to engage one another in an open-ended dialogue.
Communicators are connected by their communication acts that link them to one another in a chain of communication about an idea, issue, or topic
Bakhtinian dialogue
Says that dialogue is an ongoing conversation that has a past and a future that extends beyond individual communicators. Is constructed by the messages that relationally connect communicators to one another.
Bakhtin’s chain of communication
The process of developing individual practices of ethical discernment judgment, and decision making that guide action
Moral development
Explains how existing practices of ethics develop but do not tell you what your personal ethical standard should be
Descriptive study of ethics
Theories that offer arguments about which values, principles, or practices should guide your discernment and decision-making so that your actions can be good, right, or virtuous
Prescriptive theories of ethics
3 things that influence how humans understand what is good or bad: empathy, an equality bias that promotes fairness, and disgust
Moral emotions
The capacity to recognize the existence of ethical issues and the impact of actions on others
Ethical Sensitivity
From the point of view of moral psychologists, __________ is a biologically innate, value-neutral response to emotional distress that stimulates prosocial or cooperative behavior needed for human survival.
empathy
Neurons that stimulate imitation of behavior such as facial expressions or emotional expressions. They create an automatic biological basis for emotionally understanding others, also called “mind reading”
Mirror Neurons
Involves taking the perspectives of others and offering prosocial sympathetic actions
Cognitive Empathy
book defines ethics as:
what is good, right, and virtuous
when we communicate unethically, it’s often because _____ ______ have taken over
our emotions
Everything you say ________. There is no __________________ communication
matters, throwaway
Paula says that even when we are running _________, we should try to be genuinely engaged and sincere with one another
scripts
Because communication is ephemeral, it is _______ _______ ________ because you may only have 1 shot of saying something. Also, this means we must _________ _________ throughout our lives
much more important, communicate constantly
communication has how many dimensions
2
2 dimensions of communication
content, relational
the content dimension is worries about the _________ ________ that are said that create meaning
literal words
The relational dimension is more about ______ and ________ you said something rather than _______ you said
how and why, what
3 reasons why communication matters
it’s ephemeral, it has 2 dimensions that allow us to build relationships, and it’s constitutive
Communication __________ (creates) our world
constitutes
reading Lincoln’s writings and letting that resonate with you would be an example of _________ dialogue
Bakhtinian
4 ways to be more ethical communicators
be mindful of our communication, avoid ethical nearsightedness, improve moral imagination, avoid rationalizing
Why do we often avoid being mindful?
it takes effort and we are lazy (try to be efficient with our energy)
not being able to see things as ethical or not
ethical nearsightedness
understanding someone else’s perspective and imagining what it would be like in their shoes
moral imagination
trying to justify something to yourself hat may or may not be good or bad
rationalizing
Who’s research found that emerging adults have a hard time identifying ethical issues
Smith
Emerging adults have a hard time identifying ethical issues because their role models _______ ________
avoided issues
Social anxiety, self obsession, self medication, and disengagement, are results of people not being taught to
identify and deal with ethical issues
The capacity to understand the feelings of others that helps with human survival
empathy
2 types of empathy
automatic/reactive and cognitive
Hoffman has __ levels of empathy
4
levels of empathy in order
automatic/reactive, egocentric, empathy for others feelings, empathy for another’s life condition
When you show empathy for a person and show an understanding of their feelings even when they aren’t present, you have empathy ______ ________ _______ ________
empathy for another’s life condition (level 4)
We tend to notice and care when equality is working against us but not when it’s working against us
equality bias
the opposite of empathy
disgust
When it comes to people, most disgust is _________
learned
3 groups that help us develop the 3 moral emotions
family/caregivers, peers, and culture
3 subcategories of culture
religion and spirituality, the marketplace, Popular culture
_______ of American workers feel that their place of business is low in ethics
33%
________ talks about a perfect society (Utopia) in which children are censored from certain topics
Plato
2 ways to evaluate personal and ethical standards
logical analysis and testing by experience
3 ways to “do” logical analysis to evaluate your personal and ethical standards
Consistency and coherence
2 ways to be better at consistency
reversibility (put yourself in others’ shoes) and universalizability
Thinking about what would happen if everybody behaved in the way that you did in that situation
universalizability
Thinking about your ranking of ethical values and what happens if those ethical values come into conflict with one another
coherence
6 tests of experience
consequences, testing by various situations, testing by habit, test of acceptance, testing through transcending cultural differences, experience through defending and evaluating
how many steps to ethical reasoning
5
steps to ethical reasoning
recognize there’s an ethical issue, get the facts of the situation, think of alternative ethical responses, evaluate alternative responses from different points of view, act and reflect
3 types of ethical issues
ethical problem, ethical dilemma, ethical tragedy
the golden rule
treat others the way you want to be treated
the platinum rule
treat others the way they want to be treated
3 decisions that we have to make as we decide the most ethical way to communicate
should I speak, if I speak what should I say, if I speak how should I say it
there are __ ethical values of human communication
6
name the 6 ethical values of human communication
truth/truthfulness, justice, freedom, care, integrity
honor
when talking about truth, _________ says we have to engage in truth face to face
plato
Plato says you gotta _____ the truth so that you will worry about it and seek it out
love
Plato says truth is only for the ________ ________ who can identify and understand it
elite few
Plato says, without truth, communication is _________ and ________
trivial and meaningless
Plato says that _______ is universal but hard to discover
Truth
Plato says there are 2 ways to understand truth: _____ and ______
experience and reasoning
Kant’s question about truth
Why should we tell the truth?
Kant’s 2 categorical imperatives that explain why we should tell the truth
respect human dignity, treat people as ends not means.
who didn’t care about truth, but whether you intended to tell the truth with the information you had
Sissela Bok
Sissela Bok’s strong moral presumption against lying.
principle of veracity
who said that lying is a violence against other people that allows you to gain power over them
Sissela Bok
Bok says that the biggest violence caused by lies is that ultimately if we are lied to enough, we will become _______
cynical
The notion of fairness and deserving among people
justice
making sure that everyone gets the same thing
fairness
everyone gets what they deserve
deserving
6 types of justice
corrective, retributive, procedural, distributive, restorative, harmonic
idea that punishing a wrongdoing with bring about justice
corrective justice
Tries to solve the problem of punishments not fitting the crime by allowing the person who was wronged gets to choose the punishment
retributive justice
An impartial process for distributing justice
Procedural justice
the community decides what’s fair through a legal process like voting, going to the city council, writing bills, etc.. Deals with social justice and how benefits are distributed throughout a community
distributive justice
Talks about a nearly perfect kind of community that tries to meet the needs of victims and tries to make the people who did the wrong understand the wrong they did.
restorative justice
Restorative justice is all about ________ relationships and _________ communities
repairing, rebuilding
restorative justice can only be accomplished if there is __________
forgiveness
type of justice that is less socially and community-oriented but rather focused on what one person needs at a specific time.
Harmonic Justice
The absence of coercion or constraint
freedom
3 types of freedom
personal freedom, sovereignal freedom, civic freedom
Doing what you want to do as long as you don’t harm others
personal freedom
Using your freedom to restrict the freedom of others (slavery, etc)
sovereignal freedom
freedom that deals with how able citizens are to engage in the civic process/their community including by running for office, volunteering, voting, etc.
civic freedom
You should care ________ not ______
for not about
Being consistently honest and truthful even when it’s hard
Integrity
The right to be respected
honor
If we tend to have a lack of honor or respect for people, it’s probably an issue of _______
disgust
theory that includes other theories.
meta-theory
Indicating that we will apply our ethical values and principles consistently in the same way each and every time regardless of the circumstances
absolutism
limitation of absolutism
doesn’t allow for special circumstances (kid-murderer comes to your door)
Pro of absolutism
good behavior becomesm habitual
Kant was a __________ (theory)
absolutist
Kant’s 1st categorical imperitive
apply ethical principles universally
Kant’s 2nd categorical imperative
treat others as an end, not a means
How we apply our ethics can vary
relativism
3 types of relativism
individual, situationist, conventional
_____________ relativism says that we all have our own ethical standards that we will operate from meaning that everyone could potentially have a difference response to the same situation
individual
___________ relativism says that how you apply your ethics will vary depending on the situation you are in. You let the situation drive your response, mot your personal ethical standards
situationist
_____________ relativism calls on you to go into every situation with a blank slate.
situationist
Where your ethical behaviors are driven by the membership you have with organizations, clubs, culture, family, and other groups.
Conventional relativism
The big thing with relativism is that you have to have ___________
tolerance
A combination of absolutism and relativism
Casuistry
Casuistry says that we should go in with a __________ ________ of what is good, right, and virtuous, and then check out the situation to see if it fits. If it doesn’t, then change it.
preconceived notion
In casuistry, the change from the preconceived notion, it must pass what two things
must fit the facts and must pass the burden of proof by talking with others about your decision and seeing if they agree
