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Communication Ethics > mid-term exam > Flashcards

mid-term exam Flashcards

1
Q

ability to recognize ethical issues and make ethical distinctions to formulate judgments about what is good, right, or virtuous

A

Ethical Discernment

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2
Q

applying knowledge and skills of communication appropriately, responsively, and ethically in a specific situation

A

Competent Communication

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3
Q

Focuses on ethics as a practice for problem-solving that applies concepts and theories about what is good, right, or virtuous in real-world situations

A

Ethics as practical philosophy

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4
Q

Addresses real-world situations in ways that are local, timely, and responsive to the facts of a situation, rather than abstractly focusing on ethical issues and problems

A

Ethics as practical philosophy

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5
Q

Much communication, especially oral communication, is
__________ and leaves no physical trace of its existence

A

ephemeral

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6
Q

A form of action that uses symbols to promote cooperation by encouraging communicators to identify with one another

A

Rhetorical communication

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7
Q

Each communicator participates in a complex process of creating shared meanings with other communicators that affects everyone involved in the communication process

A

Transactional communication

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8
Q

Consists of the meanings communicators create and share as they communicate with one another. These meanings influence communicators’ perceptions and understanding of what they communicate

A

Content dimension

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9
Q

Concerns how communication acts and episodes that co-create meaning, and simultaneously co create relational connections or links between communicators

A

Relational Dimension

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10
Q

A process in which our language use responsively creates meaning and relational connection with others and so creates social worlds such as our relationships, workplaces, and communities

A

Constitutive communication

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11
Q

Involves openness and focus on another person, creating a relational syncing between the acknowledger and another.

A

Positive acknowledgment

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12
Q

Truthful, open, and clear communication

A

Authentic Communication

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13
Q

Two or more people authentically communicating, face-to-face, in an open-ended and nonjudgmental process to understand one another

A

Common Definition of Dialogue

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14
Q

Communicators do not need to meet or even know of one another’s existence, to engage one another in an open-ended dialogue.
Communicators are connected by their communication acts that link them to one another in a chain of communication about an idea, issue, or topic

A

Bakhtinian dialogue

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15
Q

Says that dialogue is an ongoing conversation that has a past and a future that extends beyond individual communicators. Is constructed by the messages that relationally connect communicators to one another.

A

Bakhtin’s chain of communication

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16
Q

The process of developing individual practices of ethical discernment judgment, and decision making that guide action

A

Moral development

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17
Q

Explains how existing practices of ethics develop but do not tell you what your personal ethical standard should be

A

Descriptive study of ethics

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18
Q

Theories that offer arguments about which values, principles, or practices should guide your discernment and decision-making so that your actions can be good, right, or virtuous

A

Prescriptive theories of ethics

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19
Q

3 things that influence how humans understand what is good or bad: empathy, an equality bias that promotes fairness, and disgust

A

Moral emotions

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20
Q

The capacity to recognize the existence of ethical issues and the impact of actions on others

A

Ethical Sensitivity

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21
Q

From the point of view of moral psychologists, __________ is a biologically innate, value-neutral response to emotional distress that stimulates prosocial or cooperative behavior needed for human survival.

A

empathy

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22
Q

Neurons that stimulate imitation of behavior such as facial expressions or emotional expressions. They create an automatic biological basis for emotionally understanding others, also called “mind reading”

A

Mirror Neurons

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23
Q

Involves taking the perspectives of others and offering prosocial sympathetic actions

A

Cognitive Empathy

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24
Q

book defines ethics as:

A

what is good, right, and virtuous

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25
Q

when we communicate unethically, it’s often because _____ ______ have taken over

A

our emotions

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26
Q

Everything you say ________. There is no __________________ communication

A

matters, throwaway

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27
Q

Paula says that even when we are running _________, we should try to be genuinely engaged and sincere with one another

A

scripts

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28
Q

Because communication is ephemeral, it is _______ _______ ________ because you may only have 1 shot of saying something. Also, this means we must _________ _________ throughout our lives

A

much more important, communicate constantly

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29
Q

communication has how many dimensions

A

2

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30
Q

2 dimensions of communication

A

content, relational

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31
Q

the content dimension is worries about the _________ ________ that are said that create meaning

A

literal words

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32
Q

The relational dimension is more about ______ and ________ you said something rather than _______ you said

A

how and why, what

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33
Q

3 reasons why communication matters

A

it’s ephemeral, it has 2 dimensions that allow us to build relationships, and it’s constitutive

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34
Q

Communication __________ (creates) our world

A

constitutes

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35
Q

reading Lincoln’s writings and letting that resonate with you would be an example of _________ dialogue

A

Bakhtinian

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36
Q

4 ways to be more ethical communicators

A

be mindful of our communication, avoid ethical nearsightedness, improve moral imagination, avoid rationalizing

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37
Q

Why do we often avoid being mindful?

A

it takes effort and we are lazy (try to be efficient with our energy)

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38
Q

not being able to see things as ethical or not

A

ethical nearsightedness

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39
Q

understanding someone else’s perspective and imagining what it would be like in their shoes

A

moral imagination

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40
Q

trying to justify something to yourself hat may or may not be good or bad

A

rationalizing

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41
Q

Who’s research found that emerging adults have a hard time identifying ethical issues

A

Smith

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42
Q

Emerging adults have a hard time identifying ethical issues because their role models _______ ________

A

avoided issues

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43
Q

Social anxiety, self obsession, self medication, and disengagement, are results of people not being taught to

A

identify and deal with ethical issues

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44
Q

The capacity to understand the feelings of others that helps with human survival

A

empathy

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45
Q

2 types of empathy

A

automatic/reactive and cognitive

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46
Q

Hoffman has __ levels of empathy

A

4

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47
Q

levels of empathy in order

A

automatic/reactive, egocentric, empathy for others feelings, empathy for another’s life condition

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48
Q

When you show empathy for a person and show an understanding of their feelings even when they aren’t present, you have empathy ______ ________ _______ ________

A

empathy for another’s life condition (level 4)

49
Q

We tend to notice and care when equality is working against us but not when it’s working against us

A

equality bias

50
Q

the opposite of empathy

A

disgust

51
Q

When it comes to people, most disgust is _________

A

learned

52
Q

3 groups that help us develop the 3 moral emotions

A

family/caregivers, peers, and culture

53
Q

3 subcategories of culture

A

religion and spirituality, the marketplace, Popular culture

54
Q

_______ of American workers feel that their place of business is low in ethics

A

33%

55
Q

________ talks about a perfect society (Utopia) in which children are censored from certain topics

A

Plato

56
Q

2 ways to evaluate personal and ethical standards

A

logical analysis and testing by experience

57
Q

3 ways to “do” logical analysis to evaluate your personal and ethical standards

A

Consistency and coherence

58
Q

2 ways to be better at consistency

A

reversibility (put yourself in others’ shoes) and universalizability

59
Q

Thinking about what would happen if everybody behaved in the way that you did in that situation

A

universalizability

60
Q

Thinking about your ranking of ethical values and what happens if those ethical values come into conflict with one another

A

coherence

61
Q

6 tests of experience

A

consequences, testing by various situations, testing by habit, test of acceptance, testing through transcending cultural differences, experience through defending and evaluating

62
Q

how many steps to ethical reasoning

A

5

63
Q

steps to ethical reasoning

A

recognize there’s an ethical issue, get the facts of the situation, think of alternative ethical responses, evaluate alternative responses from different points of view, act and reflect

64
Q

3 types of ethical issues

A

ethical problem, ethical dilemma, ethical tragedy

65
Q

the golden rule

A

treat others the way you want to be treated

66
Q

the platinum rule

A

treat others the way they want to be treated

67
Q

3 decisions that we have to make as we decide the most ethical way to communicate

A

should I speak, if I speak what should I say, if I speak how should I say it

68
Q

there are __ ethical values of human communication

A

6

69
Q

name the 6 ethical values of human communication

A

truth/truthfulness, justice, freedom, care, integrity
honor

70
Q

when talking about truth, _________ says we have to engage in truth face to face

A

plato

71
Q

Plato says you gotta _____ the truth so that you will worry about it and seek it out

A

love

72
Q

Plato says truth is only for the ________ ________ who can identify and understand it

A

elite few

73
Q

Plato says, without truth, communication is _________ and ________

A

trivial and meaningless

74
Q

Plato says that _______ is universal but hard to discover

A

Truth

75
Q

Plato says there are 2 ways to understand truth: _____ and ______

A

experience and reasoning

76
Q

Kant’s question about truth

A

Why should we tell the truth?

77
Q

Kant’s 2 categorical imperatives that explain why we should tell the truth

A

respect human dignity, treat people as ends not means.

78
Q

who didn’t care about truth, but whether you intended to tell the truth with the information you had

A

Sissela Bok

79
Q

Sissela Bok’s strong moral presumption against lying.

A

principle of veracity

80
Q

who said that lying is a violence against other people that allows you to gain power over them

A

Sissela Bok

81
Q

Bok says that the biggest violence caused by lies is that ultimately if we are lied to enough, we will become _______

A

cynical

82
Q

The notion of fairness and deserving among people

A

justice

83
Q

making sure that everyone gets the same thing

A

fairness

84
Q

everyone gets what they deserve

A

deserving

85
Q

6 types of justice

A

corrective, retributive, procedural, distributive, restorative, harmonic

86
Q

idea that punishing a wrongdoing with bring about justice

A

corrective justice

87
Q

Tries to solve the problem of punishments not fitting the crime by allowing the person who was wronged gets to choose the punishment

A

retributive justice

88
Q

An impartial process for distributing justice

A

Procedural justice

89
Q

the community decides what’s fair through a legal process like voting, going to the city council, writing bills, etc.. Deals with social justice and how benefits are distributed throughout a community

A

distributive justice

90
Q

Talks about a nearly perfect kind of community that tries to meet the needs of victims and tries to make the people who did the wrong understand the wrong they did.

A

restorative justice

91
Q

Restorative justice is all about ________ relationships and _________ communities

A

repairing, rebuilding

92
Q

restorative justice can only be accomplished if there is __________

A

forgiveness

93
Q

type of justice that is less socially and community-oriented but rather focused on what one person needs at a specific time.

A

Harmonic Justice

94
Q

The absence of coercion or constraint

A

freedom

95
Q

3 types of freedom

A

personal freedom, sovereignal freedom, civic freedom

96
Q

Doing what you want to do as long as you don’t harm others

A

personal freedom

97
Q

Using your freedom to restrict the freedom of others (slavery, etc)

A

sovereignal freedom

98
Q

freedom that deals with how able citizens are to engage in the civic process/their community including by running for office, volunteering, voting, etc.

A

civic freedom

99
Q

You should care ________ not ______

A

for not about

100
Q

Being consistently honest and truthful even when it’s hard

A

Integrity

101
Q

The right to be respected

A

honor

102
Q

If we tend to have a lack of honor or respect for people, it’s probably an issue of _______

A

disgust

103
Q

theory that includes other theories.

A

meta-theory

104
Q

Indicating that we will apply our ethical values and principles consistently in the same way each and every time regardless of the circumstances

A

absolutism

105
Q

limitation of absolutism

A

doesn’t allow for special circumstances (kid-murderer comes to your door)

106
Q

Pro of absolutism

A

good behavior becomesm habitual

107
Q

Kant was a __________ (theory)

A

absolutist

108
Q

Kant’s 1st categorical imperitive

A

apply ethical principles universally

109
Q

Kant’s 2nd categorical imperative

A

treat others as an end, not a means

110
Q

How we apply our ethics can vary

A

relativism

111
Q

3 types of relativism

A

individual, situationist, conventional

112
Q

_____________ relativism says that we all have our own ethical standards that we will operate from meaning that everyone could potentially have a difference response to the same situation

A

individual

113
Q

___________ relativism says that how you apply your ethics will vary depending on the situation you are in. You let the situation drive your response, mot your personal ethical standards

A

situationist

114
Q

_____________ relativism calls on you to go into every situation with a blank slate.

A

situationist

115
Q

Where your ethical behaviors are driven by the membership you have with organizations, clubs, culture, family, and other groups.

A

Conventional relativism

116
Q

The big thing with relativism is that you have to have ___________

A

tolerance

117
Q

A combination of absolutism and relativism

A

Casuistry

118
Q

Casuistry says that we should go in with a __________ ________ of what is good, right, and virtuous, and then check out the situation to see if it fits. If it doesn’t, then change it.

A

preconceived notion

119
Q

In casuistry, the change from the preconceived notion, it must pass what two things

A

must fit the facts and must pass the burden of proof by talking with others about your decision and seeing if they agree

Communication Ethics (2 decks)

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