Mid-term Flashcards
Powhatan
Chief of the Algonquian Indian tribe
House of Burgesses
Established by the Virginia Colony and had elected representatives that made laws which had to be approved by the king’s bureaucrats in England
Tobacco
The use of tobacco in the new world was first an expensive luxury, but the increased supply made it an affordable indulgence in Europe. Extremely labor intensive
“We”
The declaration of independence and the preambles of the constitution are inclusive to everyone because of the word “we”
Headright
A plot of land given to new settlers who paid their own transportation to Chesapeake Bay which consisted of 50 acres
Indentured servants
Generally white immigrants from England who served a period of time in indentured servitude in return for a plot of land and some money
Mercantilism (2)
- The theory that: What was good for England must dictate colonial policy
- A national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of a nation.
Secrecy
May 25 - Sept 17 1787 they tried to revise the Articles of Confederation but couldn’t so they took an oath of secrecy
Bacon’s Rebellion
Broke out initially as a dispute to Virginia’s Indian policy. Nathaniel Bacon led Virginia settlers and farmers and revolted against the hated governor, William Berkley. The rebellion was sparked by depressed tobacco prices, rising taxes, but most importantly freed servants seeking land.
Bicameralism (2)
- 2 houses -> congress -> great compromise
- Legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses
“three-fifth”
The 3/5 compromise is a system to count the population for the house of representatives
Culture
The “way of life” often referred to how a group of people supplied themselves with food and shelter, family relationships, social groupings, religious ideas, and more
Democracy
A system of government where people have the power to rule directly and indirectly. People get a direct voice to the house of representatives which places a check on the senate’s voice
Archaeology
A social science that learns about people who lived in the past through physical artifacts created by humans
Shay’s Rebellion
Farmer Daniel Shay led rebellion because farmers were having their farms foreclosed because they weren’t being given cash, even though the farmers had the crops to pay for their farms. A private army made by the Continental Congress stopped them
Federalists
The pro-constitution force who supported a strong central government and was led by Alexander Hamilton
James Madison (2)
-He participated in the Constitutional Convention during
which he proposed the Virginia Plan.
-He believed in a strong federal government and
was a leader of the Federalists in which he wrote the Federalist Papers
Thomas Jefferson
He was the drafter of the Declaration of Independence and opposed a strong central government
Treaty of Paris 1783
Also called Peace of Paris, took two years to make. Commissioners from America and Britain worked out 10 articles of peace along with a side treaty with other European countries sealed related deals. It was signed on September 3, 1783
Second continental congress
In 1775 Congress assembled in Philadelphia to create an organized Continental Army with George Washington as the general and sent out the Olive Branch Petition. It was made up of 3 committees: Model Treaty, Declaration of Independence, and Articles of Confederation.
Common Sense
A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776. Paine met with the Second Continental Congress and they encouraged him to write Common Sense which was a compelling case for complete independence from Britain by talking about the absurdities of the British monarchy
Loyalists
A group of about 1/5th of the American population who stayed loyal to Britain. They generally had strong cultural and economic ties to England. Governors, local judges, and customs officers who were loyalists were often referred to as Tories
Thomas Hutchinson
Chief Justice and lieutenant governor of Massachusetts that pushed for the Stamp Act to be passed. His house was destroyed by the Sons of Liberty.
Proclamation of 1763
After Pontiac’s Rebellion and the French and Indian War, the British government issued the Proclamation of 1763 to minimize violence. This proclamation forbid colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains and assured that Indian territory would be respected. Its wording also rejected Indians as British subjects and instead described them as those “who live under our protection”
Olaudah Equiano
Equiano was an African who published an account of his enslavement and the hardships he faced. He successfully bought his freedom in 1766 and supported the British moment to end slave trade
Deism
Many educated colonists became deists who looked for God’s plan in Nature more than in the bible. Deism shared the ideas of 18th century European enlightenment thinkers who agreed that science and reason could reveal God’s laws in the natural order
Stono rebellion
A group of slaves who attacked and killed white people as they destroyed country stores and plantations until a group of white people . The rebellion illustrated that 18th century slaves had no chance of overturning slavery
1607
English colonists found Jamestown settlement and starvation plagues the colony. Also, Pocahontas “rescues” John Smith
1492
Christopher Columbus lands on Caribbean island that he names San Salvador
Bartolome de La Casas
First bishop of Chiapas, In southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them.
Philadelphia Convention
In 1787, representatives met to discuss revisions to the Articles of Confederation, but they instead decided to write the U.S. Constitution
French and Indian War
War between England and France, and was a continuation of the Seven Years War. The two fought for control of North America territory east of the Mississippi River, in which the British won.
Cod fish
Found in New England, traded straight to England. Fish are either dried or salted on voyage.
John Winthrop
A successful landowner and lawyer who was elected governor of the puritan Massachusetts Bay Company. This settlement aspired to reform the corrupt Church of England rather than separate from it. He charged Anne Hutchinson for not believing in God as he believed people should
55
55/74 elite white men showed up to write the U.S. Constitution
Confederacy
Alliance of sovereign states for a common interest
B P
Before president
“drinking smoking”
Indians drinking/smoking the smoke that comes from weed/cigarettes
Princeton-Trenton
Battle places in revolutionary war where Washington won his first major battles
History
Written material and accounts of what has happened in the past
Critical period
1781-1786 was known as the critical period due to the confederacy unraveling and it lead to Shay’s Rebellion
South Carolina
Production of rice, brought in the most slaves, and the Stono Rebellion occurred here
6/14/1775
Second Continental Congress convenes and creates the Continental army
Treaty of Paris 1763 (2)
- Brought an end both to the world war and to the French empire in North America
- Britain took all of France’s North American possessions east of the Mississippi River: all of Canada and all of what was then called the Spanish Florida.
Valley Forge (2)
- The site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolutionary War.
- Starvation, disease and exposure killed nearly 2,500 American soldiers by the end of February 1778.
Timber-fur-fish
Exports that New Englanders could not get from the soil they took instead from the forest and the sea.
- There was a seemingly endless forest filled with trees that proved to be a long lasting resource. The timber was used for ship masts and wine barrels.
- Europe had a high demand for animal pelts so by the 1640s forbearing animals were scarce unless you ventured far from the settlements.
- Fish was the most important New England export with codfish being the prime choice.
Francis Drake
Was an English slave smuggler turned pirate who was a favorite of Queen Elizabeth I. He also discovered the Oregon Coast and led the English navy
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France
Feudalism
Where you have land divided into small territories that were ruled by a family of lords who were wealthy and powerful. They commanded service from peasants - a socioeconomic system based on ownership of land.
Rice and indigo
Rice and indigo exports boomed in the 1700s due to slave labor. Together, they made up 3/4 of lower South exportvand 2/3 of those went to Britain
Money and land
Several colonial governments created land offices whose purpose was to issue paper money backed by real estate. Colonists could take out loans using their land as collateral, receiving paper notes of the land office in return. Borrowers could pay back their loans plus interest with the paper money or with harder-to-attain gold or silver.
Power
The ability to do what you want, when you want to
Islamic-muslims
The long struggle (ending in 1492) during which Spanish
Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim occupiers, who first invaded in the eighth century. (the year 711)
Grenville-Townshend
Grenville was prime minister of Great Britain under George III. He issued the currency act, sugar act, stamp act, and quartering act. In 1765 George III replaced Grenville with William Pitt and Pitt left Charles Townshend in command. Charles Townshend proposed the Townshend Duties in order to have a new source of revenue to pay royal governors. These acts imposed duties on colonial imports of paper/paint/glass/tea and revived the constitutional debate over taxation.
Royal/proprietary/charter
- Royal colonies: ruled directly by Great Britain and Parliament elected a royal governor and council.
- Proprietary colonies: Great Britain gives land to an “owner”, and the owner runs the colony for a profit.
- Charter colonies: colonies established by agreement with British government.
Civilization
A form of human culture in which many people live in urban centers, have mastered the art of smelting metals, and have developed a method of writing.
Smallpox
Spaniards brought smallpox to Mexico where it sickened and killed millions. During the American Revolution smallpox broke out again but General Howe was smart enough to immunize his army prior to the outbreak. Smallpox is a highly contagious and often fatal viral infection which rapidly spread in the New World because nobody had previous exposure and immunity to it.
Savage
A word settlers used to describe Native Americans because the colonists thought that they lacked the traits of English civilization.
Capitalism
The private ownership and use of your land/money. Under capitalism, individuals own the means of production.
Prince Henry
Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal’s colonial empire.
476 A.D.
The last of the Roman emperors in the west was overthrown by the Germans, who became the first Barbarians to rule in Rome
“commerce/slave trade”
The Atlantic slave trade lasted from 1450-1870 and peaked in the 18th century when 6 million+ African slaves were imported to the New World
Land & peace
What the English wanted from the Indians
Compromise
Agreement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions
Federalism
Balancing of power between federal & state govt
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one thinks they are better than others
1660s
British republic collapses, Charles II becomes King
Demography
Study of statistics such as births, deaths, income
The process of executive selection
Electoral college
Republic
State which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives
