Final Flashcards
620,000
The number of casualties in the civil war (now 675,000)
40 acres and a mule
In 1865 field order 15 was issued by union general William Sherman which granted abandoned plantations in the Carolinas that was given to nearly 10,000 black families (Sherman’s march to the sea)
Jayhawkers
John Brown lead this group in Kansas which killed people who supported slavery
John Brown
A jayhawker who was against slavery, had 20 kids, led the Harpers Ferry revolt and got captured, and believed that God told him that slavery was wrong so he gave slaves weapons to kill their owners. He also led the Pottawatomie creek massacre in 1856
Gabriel Prosser
Led slavery revolt in 1800 that was inspired by the Haitian Revolutionin and Prosser gathered 1,000 slaves to take the governor, James Monroe, hostage. It was known as Gabriel’s Rebellion
Denmark Vessey
Led slavery revolts in 1822 and was accused of conspiring to slaughter Charleston residents which resulted in him being hung
Nat Turner
Led slavery revolts in Virginia 1831 which he was tried and executed for
Freedmen’s Bureau
Was created by the federal government shortly before the end of the war where ex slaves got to live on “Sherman Land” and receive food, medical aid, etc.. The government made sure slave owners didn’t put them back in slavery.
Emancipation Proclamation
In September 1862 Lincoln issued this military document to weaken southern states during the civil war. If states were not compliant with this then their slaves would be freed on January 1, 1863
Harpers Ferry, VA
Brown and others attacked Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859 and planned to take over the arsenal and give the guns to slaves for a revolt until Robert E. Lee defeated him
Fort Sumter
On April 12, 1861 South Carolina seceded from the union and the confederates fired a cannon at Fort Sumter to start the civil war (treason)
Robert E. Lee
Confederate general from West Point who turned down a Northern general position and went to the south
Ulysses S. Grant
Major general for the Northern Union in the civil war and was the 18th president of the U.S.
Border states
A few slave states which were Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland. They didn’t secede from the Union and were very divided within the states as to which side to fight for. They were exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation
June 19, 1865
Also referred to as Juneteenth, a result of the 13th amendment, General Granger announced that slaves were free in Texas, parts of Arkansas & Louisiana
Redeemers
White southerners who didn’t do well in the civil war so during reconstruction the government allowed them to come back to the south and get their property back (Article 3)
Andrew Johnson
Abraham Lincoln’s VP from the South who became president after Lincoln’s assassination and through reconstruction. He clashed with Radical Republicans over reconstruction and was impeached due to his cabinet changes
Land Grants
Morrill act/land grants are incentives for soldiers to fight in the revolutionary war. It’s an attractive way of getting people to come west/homestead act
Carpetbaggers
A suitcase made from carpet was also a derogatory name for a group of white Northerners who moved South during reconstruction
Black codes
AKA slave codes; Laws passed by Southern legislatures that restricted the rights of blacks and required the total submission of slaves
Contraband
Using something that you capture from your enemies against your enemies. The union used the runaway slaves as laborers calling them contraband of war
Reconstruction
An effort to bind the U.S. back together from 1865-1876 by black people being given more rights and the republican party was reelected with Rutherford B Hayes as president
Scalawags
What republicans were called for being a traitor to the South; Southerners who cooperated with Northern authorities during reconstruction
War hawks
Young republicans elected to congress in 1810 who wanted war with Britain to legitimize attacks on Indians, end impressment, and avenge foreign insults
Free labor
The republicans (north) philosophy that work should be conducted free from constraint and in accordance with the laborer’s personal inclinations and will
Jim Crow
The system of racial segregation that developed post civil war in the South; state laws passed from 1876 to 1965 that replaced slavery as the main form of white supremacy and institutionalized “ separate but equal”
American Colonization Society
Founded in 1817 by Maryland and Virginia planters who were against slavery and aimed to promote gradual individual emancipation of slaves followed by colonization in Africa on the land the society bought for them
Preston Brooks
A young South Carolina member of the house who beat Charles Summers over the head with his cane until he was unconscious. Brooks resigned his seat in the house but was soon reelected. The north used this to display the issues with the south and called it “Bleeding Sumner”
James Buchanan
Nominated in 1852 as the 15th president by democrats in order to bridge sectional differences because he was a northern man with southern principles. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina
Aaron Burr
A Democratic-Republican Senator of New york who the republicans wanted to run with Jefferson and was the opponent of Alexander Hamilton’s Federalist policies. In the election of 1800 he was made the VP
Compromise of 1877
To end reconstruction, in exchange for a Democratic promise not to block Hayes’s inauguration and to deal fairly with the freedmen, Hayes vowed to refrain from using the army to uphold the remaining Republican regimes in the South, to appoint democrats to his cabinet, and to provide the South with substantial federal subsidies for railroads
Clara Barton
Founded the American Red Cross and was a military nurse who worked in battlefield units for the union
Cotton
In the 1790s, cotton production boomed due to market demand and Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin which led to more slaves. It was the first mass consumer commodity. During the civil war, the south believed that a hold on the production of cotton could wreck the norths economy and that Britain could become the confederates ally since they imported from the South.
Henry Clay
Kentucky man who became the center of the war hawks and was elected speaker of the house. He also campaigned for John Adams and got the nickname of “the barbecue orator”. He proposed the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850
John C. Calhoun
Calhoun was the center of the war hawks and won a seat on the foreign relations committee. He later worked to discredit his rival, Van Buren, because Van Buren replaced him as Andrew Jackson’s running mate and established the Second Bank of U.S.
Jefferson Davis
Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America and intended to establish them as an independent republic. When the war started he had to build an army and navy, supply them from factories that were scarce, and pay for it without a treasurer. He ceased cotton production during the civil war to devastate the North but it ended up hurting the south.
Frederick Douglas
A former slave who Abraham Lincoln forced to lecture in order to reform audiences throughout the North about the cruelties of slavery. He also advocated for blacks in the north to enlist in the military
Freedom papers
A legal document that attests to the free status of blacks. They had to carry them all the time so they could always prove their status otherwise they would risk enslavement
Treaty of Ghent
Signed in December 1814 by the U.S. and Britain to end the war of 1812 but it only settled few of the surface issues that had led to war
Andrew Jackson
Jackson was the 7th president and his presidency was defined by his efforts to solve the Indian problem and his establishment of the Indian removal act. He also made the American Revolution ideals come alive in the sense that he favored the “common man.”
Secession
Withdrawal of 11 Southern states from the Union in the period 1860-61, which brought on the Civil War
Interposition/nullification
States felt they had the right to ignore federal law & could insert themselves between citizens & federal government
Francis Scott Key
Author of the national anthem of the USA
1817-1823 Era of good feeling
The name for President Monroe’s two terms: period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion, and fewer partisan conflicts
James Monroe
Elected president in 1816 and 1820 as the 5th president who encouraged the Era of Good Feeling. He was also the author of the Monroe Doctrine and proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization
Rush-Bagot agreement
The U.S. and Great Britain sign the treaty which limited each country to a total of four naval vessels and a single cannon to patrol the sea in between them. They also demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay came up with the Missouri compromise which stated that Missouri would be a slave state, but Maine would become free and there would be no slavery north of 36°30’ in Missouri
Adam-Onis Treaty
Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty. The United States paid Spain $5 million in 1819 for Florida, Spain recognized America’s claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico
Monroe Doctrine
An attempt to isolate the entire Western Hemisphere from European intervention in 1823 in return of the U.S. not interfering in European colonies that were in the western hemisphere
Franchise
A form of dealing with voting
Anti-Slavery Society
An abolition group led by Fredrick Douglas that was the cause of immediate abolition of slavery in U.S.. Members mainly came from religious circles and the black community
Walker’s Appeal (1829)
The publication of “Davis Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.” which condemned racism and hinted at violence if whites didn’t change their ways. It promoted black unification in the fight for equality.
Zachary Taylor
General in the US Army who fought for westward expansion and won victories in Mexico. He later became the 12th U.S. President
Cholera
Intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food. Many Americans believed that immigrants were responsible for cholera epidemics
John L. O’Sullivan
An influential democratic editor who coined the phrase Manifest Destiny and pushed for America to resist foreign nations who wanted the land
Harriett Tubman
United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that exposed the Northerners to the suffering and brutality of being held in slavery
Charles Sumner
One of the more influential Republican Senators from Massachusetts during the reconstruction period who was attacked by Preston Brooks and was a leader of the radical republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
One of the more influential Congressional Republican from Pennsylvania during reconstruction and a leader of the radical republicans
Abraham Lincoln
He was the 16th President of the U.S. and was assassinated by Booth. He saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves
Dred Scott
A slave in Missouri who went to court to ask for his freedom where he said that he was free because his owner lived in a free state for 4 years. Two state courts made opposing decisions so Scott went to the Supreme Court in 1857 where he was denied
Ku Klux Klan
Violence against blacks took brutal form in 1866 with the formation of the Ku Klux Klan. This clan was a social club of confederate veterans who wanted blacks dead and ultimate white supremacy
Civil war amendments
These 3 Amendments were efforts to give male African Americans equal rights of citizenship like white American men already had.
Kansas
- “Bleeding Kansas”
- Violence
- Piece of property from Louisiana purchase that they got to decide to be a free or slave state; they chose the Union in 1861
Toussaint L’Overture
A former slave who led slaves and blacks in alliance with Spain. This was instrumental in Thomas Jefferson purchasing the Louisiana purchase
New York Draft Riots
In 1863 there was an uprising of democratic Irish workingmen in protest of the draft and freeing blacks for 4 days. It killed about 100 people and left the Colored Orphan Asylum a smoking ruin
Minie Ball
The Civil War was so deadly because of advances in technology thanks to Claude Minie of France and James Burton developing a new kind of bullet
‘Stars and Bars’
The confederate flag
Nativists
Individuals who are anti-immigrant
1876
This year was the end of reconstruction, election year: Rutherford B. Hayes vs Samuel J. Tilden in which hayes won, and the controversy of the 20 uncounted electoral votes
