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Equine Health and Disease > Mid-Term > Flashcards

Mid-Term Flashcards

1
Q

Strangles

A
  • Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi
  • Host-associated bacterium
  • Common infection
  • Will survive
  • No treatment
    • Only vaccination choices
  • Highly contagious
    • Fever, lymph swelling, nasal discharge, off feed
    • Confirmed by pharyngeal wash
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2
Q

Grandulosa Cell tumor and Hormone production

A
  • Above age 15, See neoplasia: uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiological control
  • Show dominance
  • Does not typically spread
  • Can be removed
  • Masculine behavior, constant estrus, nymphomania, no estrus
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3
Q

Cribbing

A
  • Ingesting of air into pharynx
    • Confinement stress, need to isolate from herd, could also be caused by diet
  • Consequences
    • Worn incisors
    • Gastroduodenal ulcers
  • Management: roughage, social contact, cribbing collars, etc.
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4
Q

Chemical Restraint

A
  1. Xylazine (rompun)
    • Mild sedative/ pain reliever/ muscle relaxation
      • Colic
  2. Detomidine (dermosedan)
    • Deep sedation
    • Anaaigesia (without pain)
    • Used for Minor procedures
  3. Acepromazine (ace)
    • Drops blood pressure
      • Mild sedative
  4. Butorphanol (Torbutrol)
    • Narcotic Class IV – veterinarian use only
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5
Q

Alkali disease

A
  • Loose Hoof, or tail, or hoof will crack
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6
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A
  • Leads to liver failure
  • Ponies and donkeys
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7
Q

Equine Viral Arthritis

A
  • Causes stocking up
  • Was hot strain, now mild
  • Modified live, will cause abortions
  • If you do not have papers and are asked o bleed to see if they have antibodies, will be accused/ diagnosed with EVA

Horses graze and pick up spores -> which develop in anaerobic muscle. Organisms proliferate when vaccinated. Which kills the horse

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8
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A
  • Typically does not kill animal
  • Will cause them to get sick
  • Coroticus steroid to treat hives
    • Decreases the immunity
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9
Q

Core Vaccines

A
  1. Tetanus
  2. Western Equine Encephalomyelitis/ Eastern Equine Ecephalomyelitis
  3. West Nile Virus
  4. Rabies
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10
Q

Core Vaccine #1

A
  • Tetanus
    • Fatal disease due to soil-borne bacterium
    • When animal get a wound, especially around feet and mouth
    • “Saw horse” stance: cause muscle to contract, Fatal
    • Safe for pregnant mares
    • Toxoid (Safe form of the tetanus toxin)
      • Anaerobic environment to produce toxin
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11
Q

Core Vaccine #2

A
  • Western Equine Encephalomyelitis/ Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
    • Sleeping sickness
    • Fatal mosquito-borne viral encephalomyelitis
    • VEE – 1, EEE – 2, WEE – 3 (Fatal to least fatal)
    • Vaccinate before insect activity
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12
Q

Core Vaccine #3

A
  • West Nile Virus
    • Circulates in birds and mosquitos
    • Closely resembles WEE and rabies.
    • More common, cause a 33% fatality rate
    • Vaccinate before insect activity
    • Can be given to pregnant mares
    • Typically, does not get high enough viremia to further transmit
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13
Q

Core Vaccine #4

A
  • Rabies
    • Viral Infection
    • 100% fatal, because the only conformation is to cut off head and test it
    • Develops a lameness and progressively gets worst
    • Transmitted by skunk, raccoon, or bat
      • Typically bitten on face or lower leg
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14
Q

Shock

A
  • inadequate profusion of oxygen
  • Golden hour: period between exposure of traumatic event and going into shock
  • Capillary refill greater than 3 seconds (Pale)
  • Tissue do not get enough oxygen
    • Will start to die
    • Kidney to liver to heart
  • Do not want to much picc… in circulation, can stop the heart
  • Can lead to organ failure
  • Do not give a horse ace with a wound or laceration.
    • Will cause vasodilation, which causes horse to into SHOCK
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15
Q

DJD: Degenerative joint disease

A
  • Periaticular stress
    • Ringbone: high pastern P1 and P2, low pastern P2 and P3
    • Bone spavian: lower portion of the hock joint
  • Recognition: flexion test, diagnostic blocks, radiography/ultrasound, scintigraphy (localize lameness, injection into the vein)
  • Management: NSAIDS (bute), Corticosteriods and hyaluronic acid, supplements (legend), Fusion surgery (only if little mobility will be lost)
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16
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • Superficial/ deep digital flexor tendon
  • Suspensory ligament
  • Repetitive cycle of microdamage
  • Acute: heat, swelling pain and lameness
  • Chronic: persistent thickening and intermittent, slow healing (9-12 months), ultrasound detection
  • Major deal
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17
Q

Suspensory Desmitis

A
  • Excessive loading force, fatigue of flexor muscle
    • Over – extended fetlock injury and ligament
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18
Q

Stress fractures in equine athletes (pain protects injury)

A
  • Catostrophic injury: preexisting stress fracture
  • Fetlock joint : metacarpophalangeal
  • Consistent location with characteristic configuration for each bone
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19
Q

Laminitis

A
  • Can be chronic
  • Inflammation of sensitive laminae of hoof
  • Recognition: saw horse stance, foot sensitivity, warm hoof
  • Management: NSAIDS (DMSO, bute), Increase blood flow will decrease edema (ace), corrective shoeing
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20
Q

Coffin bone fracture:

A
  • big deal, damages joint
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21
Q

Fracture (various)

A
  • Fatal
  • upper limb is more serious because more weight
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22
Q

Upper fixation of patella

A
  • Acute?
  • medial is too loose to
  • fix with scar tissue
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23
Q

HYPP

A
  • Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
  • abnormality in the exchange of electrolytes across muscle cells
  • grain or corn syrup to stimulate the release of insulin that helps move potassium back into cells
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24
Q

Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy

A
  • Type 1: point mutation in glycogen synthase
  • Type 2: mutation not yet defined
  • Abnormal glycogen in muscle cells
  • Long term treatment: replace carbohydrates with fats and regular exercise
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25
Q

Splints

A
  • actue, medial swelling
  • Time and corticosteroids
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26
Q

Osteochondrosis

A
  • overgrowth of cartilage, bilaterally symmetrical in stifle, hock, fetlock, shoulder
  • Big deal
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27
Q

Proximal suspensory desmitis

A
  • big deal
  • upper cannon inflammation of ligament
  • worked to hard for level of fitness, typically no swelling
  • Bone chips
  • flexion test and nerve block to confirm
  • Rest for 4-6 month, gradually increase exercise, corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, bone marrow cells
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28
Q

Degenerative suspensory desmitis

A
  • inflammation of the ligament (flexion test)
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29
Q

Curb

A
  • Swelling of hock
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30
Q

Fibrotic myopathy

A
  • fiberorous connective tissue in the muscle, chronic.
  • Painful muscle cramps causing muscle to damage, which is toxic to the kidney
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31
Q

Extertional Rhabdomyolysis complex: Tying Up

A
  • Chronic: sporadic (nutritional) and reccurent (some can be genetic)
  • Stiff and reluctant to move
  • Hard muscles, especially in the hind quarters
  • Profuse sweating and rapid breathing
  • Stop exercise
  • May need tranquilizers
  • Care with anti-inflammatories

Chronic Rhabdomyolyis: recurrent exertional rabdomyolysis, polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1 and 2, malignant hyperthermia (MH), myofribrillar myopathy (MFH)

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32
Q

White muscle disease

A
  • Vitamin E- selenium deficiency, vitamin E is the antioxidant
  • Acute: profound muscular weakness
  • often fatal: FPT or aspiration pneumonia
  • usually in growing foals. Difficult to nurse
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33
Q

Glycogen Branching Enzyme deficiency (GBED)

A
  • Quarter horses and paints
  • Homozygous recessive
  • Abortion or death before 18 weeks
  • Week at birth if make it full term. Typically fatal
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34
Q

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

A
  • Periodic release of K+ in the blood
  • Decedents of Impressive
  • Dominant genetic trait
  • Mild case: grain/ corn syrup orally
  • Sever cases: I/V solutions of calcium and dextrose
  • Regular exercise
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35
Q

Clostridial myositis

A
  • Spores are ingested or introduced in a wound
    • spores in muscle on introduced by wound
      • liver or skeletal muscle
      • secondary to any injection
  • Swelling and pain
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36
Q

Pigeon Fever

A
  • Bacterial… looks like tuberculosis in sheep
  • Insect transmitted
  • Summer
  • Sever muscle lesions
  • No vaccine
  • typically in sternum
  • Seen is SW united state, sometimes Wyoming
  • Treatment: drain/ antibiotics, vaccine
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37
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis

A
  • big deal
  • blisters in the mouth
  • FEDS moniter–> transmit to cattle
  • no vaccine
  • Insect transmitted
  • Not fatal
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38
Q

Choke

A
  • For most part: treatable
  • Blocked esophagus
  • Signs: distressed, coughing, foamy saliva and feed exiting through the nose
  • Aspiration pneumonia (lungs)
  • Recurrent can mean cancer in lining and muscle damage
  • Complications: permanent stricture, dilation
  • Treatment: NG tube (sedation required), massaging mass, antibiotics
  • Esophagus does not heal well
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39
Q

Large Strongyles

A
  • Parasitic arteritis in major artery of intestine
  • Can kill a horse
  • S. vulgaris: large migrating larva
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40
Q

Small strongyles

A
  • cyathostomes: hard to kill because hybernates in larva stage
    • anthelmintic resistance to cyathostones
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41
Q

Roundworms

A
  • Parascaris equorum
  • liver and lung damage
  • nutrient deprivation
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42
Q

Equine Gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS)

A
  • Ulcered non-glandular mucosa
  • Chronic colic, weight loss, back pain, poor performance
  • Common in young foals and adults in training
  • Treatment: Feed more than twice a day, less grain more fiber, omeprazole
  • Gastric coating
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43
Q

Gastric rupture

A
  • sudden death from endotoxemia
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44
Q

Ulcers, Glandular Stomach

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Blister Beetle
    • cantharidin
      • causes ulcers in mouth, stomach, and bladder
      • red and black beetles in alfalfa
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45
Q

Colic

A
  • Intraabdominal pain
  • Anxiety, pain, sweating, pawing, rolling
    • Less serious: Gas, spasmodic, feed impaction, enterolith (stone)
    • Serious: displacement, torsion, strangulation
  • Antispasmodic: if it doesn’t stop contracting it is serious
  • Shock can occur

Treatment

  • Mild-moderate
    • Anti-inflammatory drugs, sedatives, narcotics, antispasmodics, laxative, fluid IV
  • Serious
    • Surgical
      • Expensive, slow recover
      • Complications
        • Laminitis
        • Peritonitis
        • Hernia

Prevent colic: regular deworming, regular feeding regimen, small feed, high quality feed, gradual change, daily exercise, water availability, dental care

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46
Q

Proximal enteritis

A
  • affects upper portion of small intestine
    • duadenum-jejunum
    • foals
  • Extremely painful, infectious or toxic
  • Treatment
    • non-surgical: fluids; gastric decompression; NSAIDs
    • surgical
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47
Q

Necrotic enteritis

A
  • Acute fatal colic
  • Takes a while for them to produce trypsin-> makes it difficult for bad organisms to pass through the stomach
  • Happens within first 12 hours of life
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48
Q

Lawsonia enteritis

A
  • Not as major
  • Organisms cause lining of SI to proliferate
  • Chronic diarrhea and weight loss
  • Fecal – oral transmission
  • Making diagnosis is difficult
  • Treated with antibiotics
  • dependent on host for replication
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49
Q

Equine granulomatous enteritis

A
  • tissues thicken because cells of macrophage inflammation of small intestine
  • hypoalbuminemia, weight loss
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50
Q

Colitis

A
  • inflammation of major part of large intestine.
    • fluid in LI absorbs toxins –> endotoxic
  • Causes: salmonellosis, clostridium difficile, Potomac horse fever
  • Diarrhea and fever
  • Fatal
  • Treatment: fluids and antibiotics, isolation
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51
Q

Salmonellosis

A
  • 10% of horses are carriers
  • When under stress the disease will proliferate, then transfer to others
    • nosocomial infection (hospital-acquired)
  • Silent carrier, milk infection, severe acute diarrhea, septicemia, abortion
  • Often no blood in stools
  • No vaccine
    • Quarantine
    • If access to pasture
    • Rodent and bird proof storage of feed
    • Pelleted feed is best
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52
Q

Lethal white foal syndrome (overo)

A
  • Known mutation
  • Failure to develop melanin pigment and enteric ganglia
  • Failure to pass meconium, therefore colic
53
Q

Hepatic Disease (Liver Failure) general info

A
  • Acute: typically show severe signs
  • Chronic: insidious
  • Typically: jaundice, neurological signs, weight loss, photosensitization
54
Q

Causes:

Theiler’s disease

A
  • Jaundice (yellow tint in eyes), acute severe hepatic encephalopathy
  • Occurs after use of serum, plasma, or blood products
  • Low clinical signs (morbidity)
  • High mortality (50-90%)
  • Associated with tetanus antitoxin
  • No specific treatment
55
Q

Causes:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis

A
  • Ingesting plants containing this toxin
  • Weight loss, jaundice, behavior changes
  • Exposure to houndstongue, ragwort
  • Treatment: remove weed from area, supportive treatment depending on degree of liver damage
  • Most horses will not eat due to bitter taste
56
Q

Causes:

Cholangiohepatitis

A
  • Infection with bile duct, or bile stone
  • Fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, colic symptoms
  • Ultrasound will show liver enlargement and a distended bile duct, stones may be observed
57
Q

Causes:

Hyperlipemia

A
  • Accumulation of fat in the blood stream
  • Sudden depression, loss of appetite, edema under belly
  • Minature horses and donkeys
  • Cushing should be treated
  • Prognosis is poor
58
Q

Causes:

Tyzzer’s disease

A
  • Affects foals 8-42 days, usually found dead
    • If alive usually down, convulsing, and depressed
  • Signs and blood test consistent with liver disease
  • High levels of antibiotics (penicillin and amikacin or chloramphenicol)
    • Usually not possible or unsuccessful
59
Q

Blister Beetles

A
  • They are plant-feeding insects commonly found in alfalfa
  • Cause ulcers in mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, and urinary tract
  • Death within 72 hours
  • Colic
  • Managed through harvesting practices
60
Q

Plutomic Horse fever

A
  • Aug-Sep
  • “Shasta River Crud”
  • Caused by: atypical bacterium, extremely small, lives inside cells
  • Break with Diarrhea
  • treatable with Oxytetracycline
    *
61
Q

Sinusitis

A
  • URT infections, complications of dental disease, cysts, hematomas, neoplasia
  • Uni/bilateral discharge, bacterial, Fungal and viral
  • Flushing with antibiotics or surgery to remove bad teeth
  • Radiography or endoscopy to diagnose
62
Q

Pharyngitis​

A

(infection in back of throat)

  • Pharynx is a common space for URT and digestive system, monitors infectious agents
  • Tonsils are policemen
  • Nasal discharge, intermittent cough (dripping to epiglottis) and enlarged LNs
  • Common in young horses
  • Clinical signs and endoscopy
  • Not life threatening and generally nuisance disease
63
Q

Guttural Pouch Disease

A
  • Large infections can lead to neurological disease and carotid rupture
  • Bacterial (guttural pouch empyema: puss)
  • Fungal (guttural pouch mycosis)
  • Chondroids (inspissated pus)
  • Tympany does not kill them but is extremely uncomfortable
    • Common in foals
    • Air in guttural pouch
    • Visible enlargement of throat area
64
Q

Ethmoid Hematoma

A
  • Usually older horses
  • Ethmoid: scroll bone bleeds
  • A hematoma develops on the ethmoid
  • Showing signs: bloody nasal discharge, abnormal noises, breathing difficulty
  • Surgically removed (hard to get to the back of nasal passage)
65
Q

Roaring (Laryngeal Hemiplegia)

A

thoroughbreds

  • Damage/disease to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Paralysis of arytenoid cartilage = obstruction of airflow = roaring
  • Usually left side
  • Treatment: often unnecessary, surgery if horse competes
66
Q

Dorsal Displacement of soft palate

A
  • Typically soft palate divides pharyngeal area between the nasal passages and the mouth
  • Here the soft palate displaces dorsally over the epiglottis
    • Affects breathing and swallowing
    • Exercise intolerance, abnormal breathing sound
  • Treatment: tying the tongue, surgery
67
Q

Epiglottic Entrapment

A
  • Epiglottis trapped over the lip of pharynx
    • Epiglottis is deformed or small
  • Difficulty breathing, swallowing, abnormal sounds, cough
  • Treatment: surgery to incise the tissues trapping epiglottis
    • Easily corrected with a quick recovery
68
Q

Arytenoid Chondritis

A
  • Inflammation of entry to the larynx
    • Causes distortion and enlargement to arytenoid cartilages
  • Arytenoid loose mobility and obstruct airflow
  • Exercise intolerance, noisy breathing
  • Treatment: surgery (remove arytenoids or diseased portions)
69
Q

Big Picture for URT Diseases

A
  • Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis–> nasal discharge
    • Sinusitis-suspect if discharge from only one nostril
  • Guttural pouch disease–> infection or tympany
    • MAJOR hemorrhage possible in internal carotid is damaged
  • Ethmoid hematoma –> hematoma on ethmoid turbinates
  • Roaring–> damage to nerve= paralysis of artenoids= obstruction of airflow
  • DDSP–> soft palate displaces over epiglottis
  • Arytenoid Chondritis –> inflammation of arytenoids = obstruction of airflow
  • Common clinical signs
    • nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, abnormal breathing sounds
  • Common diagnostic
    • endoscopy
  • Common treatment
    • surgery
70
Q

Strangles

A
  • Highly contagious
  • Fever and lymph node swelling (2 weeks after fever), along with nasal discharge
  • Primarily lives in the horse
    • Short environmental persistence
  • Confirmed by pharyngeal washes/swabs
  • Complications
    • Bastard strangles: internally
    • Purpura hemorrhagica: purple hemorrages, distal limbs, skin will sluff
    • Aspiration pneumonia: pus reaches lungs
    • Myositis: stiff and sore
    • Chronic carrier state (guttural pouch)
  • During an outbreak
    • Isolate horses with swollen nodes, monitor other horses
    • Vaccination choices: Killed or modified live (do not vaccinate for this during an outbreak)
71
Q

Equine Influenza…

A
  • The Virus!
    • Orthomyxovirus
      • Equine influenza virus
      • Survives 1-2 days on surface
      • Surface protein: if immune system see (H3, N8, H7, N7) will have immunity
      • 100% morbidity
  • As the disease
    • URT infection: severe cough, nasal discharge, fever, muscle pain, slow recovery
    • Risk of LRT infection
      • Which turns into pneumonia (damage lung)
  • Vaccines: Killed
    • Vaccination in face of outbreak is helpful
  • Testing: Nasal swabs, serology, leukopenia, serum sample
  • Isolate/ quarantine
  • Recovery: 1 week off work for each day of fever
72
Q

Rhinopneumonititis

A
  • Herpes virus
    • EHV-1 and EHV-4
  • Respiratory disease in horse under one year
  • BOTH URT AND LRT AFFECTED
  • Often mild, looks like a cold
  • Infected for life, random reocurrences
  • Complications: abortions in unvaccinated herds, herpes myelitis (get into CNS), secondary bacterial pneumonia
  • THREE SYNDROMES
    • Respiratory disease –> usually EHV-4
    • EHV-1 myelitis–> spinal cord and brain
    • Abortion (usually EHV-1)
73
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Inflammation of the lung
  • Many etiologies
    • Bacterial (strangles, Rhodococcus equi)
    • Viral: predisposed to secondary bacteria
    • Fungal: uncommon
  • Non – infection: milk, mineral oil
    • Foreign body pneumonia
74
Q

Rhodococcus Equi

A
  • Bacterial pathogen that is everywhere!
  • Abscesses in the lung
  • Fever, depression, abnormal breathing, diarrhea, coughing
  • 80% recovery with antibiotics
  • No vaccine
75
Q

Heaves

A
  • Inflammatory Airway Disease
    • Non - infectious: dusts, allergens, noxious gas
    • Infectious: bacterial, viral, etc
    • Exercise intolerant, cough, nasal discharge
    • Control: bronchodilators, corticosteroids, expectorants, pasture turnout
  • Recurrent Airway Obstruction
    • COPD, equine asthma
    • Most important respiratory syndrome in horses
    • Risk factors: older horse, dust, respiratory infection
    • Clinical signs: cough, increase respiratory effort at rest, exercise intolerance
    • Control: pasteurizing, minimizing dust contact, pelleted food, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, expectorants
    • *must change the environment for a recovery
76
Q

Inflammatory Airway Disease vs. Recurrent Airway Obstruction

A
  • IAD
    • milder clinical signs
    • precursor for RAO
    • No increased respiratory effort at rest
    • usually younger horses
  • RAO
    • mover sever clinical signs
    • results in IAD
    • sever disease= increased respiratory effort at rest
    • usually older horses
77
Q

Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage: EIPH (Bleeders)

A
  • Blood is mostly in lower airways, only about 5% in the nostrils
  • blood from the lungs
  • Mechanism: transient pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Reduces performace
  • Control: diuretic (lasix)
78
Q

EHV – 5 (new viral disease)

A
  • Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
  • Weight loss, low-grade fever, exercise intolerance
  • Rare infection
  • *do not know much about
79
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A
  • Peripheral nerves: Small bundles of nerves branching from spinal cord
    • Afferent: transmit messages to brain-spinal cord
    • Efferent: send instructions to the body
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
    • Directly from the brain
      • VISION
      • HEARING
      • SMELL
    • Messages transmitted by neurotransmitters
      • Synapse
  • Neurological Diseases
    • Inflammation of tissues
      • Infection of meninges (membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord)= meningitis
      • Inflammation of the brain= encephalitis
      • Inflammation of the spinal cord= myelitis
      • When the spinal cord and brain or inflamed= encephalomyelitis
80
Q

Why are infectious encephalopathies important?

A
  • There are some that are zoonotic, they can cross the blood-brain barrier, and are difficult to treat.
81
Q

Meningitis

A
  • Signs
    • Fever
    • Headache
    • Hyperesthesia
      • Increase in sensitivity
    • Neck rigidity/myalgia
    • Painful muscle spasms
  • Treatment
    • Bacterial- antibiotics
    • Anti-seizure meds
    • Anti-inflammatory drugs
    • DMSO
82
Q

Alphaviruses

A
  • WEE, EEE, VEE
  • Sleeping sickness due to depression
  • Arthropod-borne
    • Bird (WEE; EEE) and Rodent (VEE)–> mosquito cycle
  • Control by limiting insects
  • VEE>EEE>WEE
  • Zoonotic
83
Q

Epilepsy (seizures)

A
  • Mostly young animals
  • Seizures
    • Continuous=tonic
    • Transitory= clonic
    • Postictal= post-seizure depression
  • Horse may defecate or urinate suddenly
  • Treatment
    • Diazepam
      • Valium
    • Phenobarbitol
84
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • Deep sleep
  • Loss of muscle tone
  • Stimulated by
    • Petting
    • Feeding
    • Quiet stall rest
  • Treatment
    • Imipramine
85
Q

Cerebellar Abiotrophy

A
  • Arabian Foals
  • Genetic
  • Abnormal development of the cerebellum (balance and coordination)
    • Neurons begin to die at 2-4 months
  • Progressive neurological disease
  • Specific test available
  • Euthanasia
86
Q

Rabies

A
  • Viral infection
  • PROGRESSIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
  • VACCINATE
87
Q

Equine Motor Neuron Disease

A
  • Spinal cord and brain stem degeneration
  • Progressive
    • Muscle weakness and atrophy
    • Trembling/sweating
    • Horse-in-a-ball stance
    • Head carried below shoulders
  • Treatment
    • Vitamin E
88
Q

Toxic Plants

A
  • Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
    • Yellow star thistle
    • Russian knapweed
    • Loco Weed
  • Knocks out nerve cells in the front of the brain
  • Muscles of head become rigid
    • Lips and muzzle retract
    • Tongue protrudes
89
Q

Brain and Spinal Trauma

A
  • Treat to minimize swelling
  • Persistent seizures
  • Cervical Vertebral Malformation
    • “Wobbler”
    • Location
      • Different locations in caudal neck
    • Ataxia= poor muscle coordination
      • Usually in all 4 limbs
    • Unknown cause
    • Typically in young horses
    • Treatment
      • Surgery vs. Euthanasia vs. Medical treatment vs. Diet
90
Q

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

A
  • Infection= common
  • Disease= rare
  • HARD to diagnose
    • Spinal tap
  • No vaccine
  • Muscle atrophy, ataxia, weakness, hind limb lameness, back pain
  • Location
    • Typically in spinal cord
  • Treatment
    • Combination antimicrobial medication
    • Anticoccidial meds
    • Vit. E
    • Anti-inflammatory drugs
91
Q

Equine Herpesvirus

A
  • Rhinopneumonitis = EHV-1 = Neurological form
    • Signs
      • Nasal discharge
      • Ataxia
      • Loss of bladder function
    • Treatment
      • Anti-inflammatories
      • Catherization
    • Permanent gait alterations
    • Viral–> treatable
92
Q

Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

A
  • Degeneration in brainstem nuclei
  • Genetic plus dietary component: Vitamin E and/or Copper
  • Treatment
    • Vitamin E supplementation vs. Euthanasia
      • Stabilizes but doesn’t reverse EDM
93
Q

West Nile Virus

A
  • Seasonal insect transmitted
  • Signs
    • Tremors around nose and lips
    • Ataxia
    • Hind limb paralysis
    • Seizures
    • Coma
  • Treatment
    • Supportive/nursing
    • Anti-inflammatories and anti-edema
  • Vaccinate!
94
Q

Tetanus

A
  • Found everywhere –> enters through wounds
  • Horses susceptible species
  • Signs
    • Stiff and anxious
    • Prolapsed 3rd eye
    • Body rigidity
    • Lockjaw
  • Treatment
    • Minimize stimuli
    • Anti-toxin
    • Muscle relaxants
    • Penicillin

Euthanasia

95
Q

Stringhalt

A
  • Exaggerated involuntary flexion of hock at walk
  • Plant toxicity
    • Catsear, flatweed, multi-stemmed dandelion
96
Q

Headshaking

A
  • Facial pain syndrome
  • Treatment
    • Cyproheptadine (antihistamine-type med used for human headaches)
    • Carbamazepine (antiepileptic drug)
    • UV blocking masks
    • Contact lenses
    • Face masks that block airflow into the nasal passages
    • Embolization coils
    • Electrical nerve stimulation
97
Q

Shivers

A
  • Difficulty walking backward
  • Pelvic limb tremors
  • Myoclonic, hyper flexed pelvic limbs
  • Draft and Warmbloods
  • No treatment
98
Q

Suprascapular neuropathy

A
  • Direct trauma
  • Sweeney
  • Atrophy of shoulder muscles
  • Treatment
    • Ice
    • Cold water
    • NSAIDS
99
Q

Sarcoid

A
  • NEOPLASTIC
    • Sarcoids are equine tumors that have a COMPLICATED CAUSE
    • Bovine Papilloma Virus +/- Wound +/- Genes = Sarcoid
    • Sarcoids area equine tumors that are COMMON, have a COMPLICATED CAUSE, and CAN be a concern
      • SARcoid is not a SARcoma
    • Most common skin tumor in horses (90% of skin tumors)
    • Four forms:
      • Flat crusts
      • Warts
      • Small or large nodules
      • Mixed, locally invasive masses
    • Location:
      • Can occur anywhere, but common sites include:
        • Head
        • Legs
        • Ventral trunk
    • Treatment
      • Surgical removal
      • Cryotherapy
      • Intralesional cytotoxic drugs
      • Radiation
      • Bacille Clmette-Guerin vaccine
      • Autologous Vaccine
      • Xterra
        • Extract of bloodroot and zinc chloride
100
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A
  • NEOPLASTIC
    • SCC involves SUN, SUN-SENSITIVE SKIN and eyes, and SLOW to grow and SPREAD
    • Location
      • Unpigmented skin (sun exposure)
      • Skin- MM transition
        • Conjunctiva, lips, nose, anus, genitalia, Papillomavirus (genital), old branding or burn sights
      • Eyes
        • 3rd eyelid, eyelid, cornea (“cancer eye”)
    • Treatment
      • Surgical removal –> 40-50% cure
      • Cryosurgery –> higher cure 90%
101
Q

Melanoma

A
  • NEOPLASTIC
    • Melanomas are BLACK, can occur on BUTTS of old grey horses, normally are BENIGN but can go around the BLOCK
    • Location
      • Perineum, base of ears, around eyes, neck
    • Treatment
      • If evidence of growth, treat
        • Surgical removal
        • Cimetidine (Tagamet)
        • Oncept canine melanoma vaccine being tested in horses
102
Q

Equine Papilloma Virus

A
  • NEOPLASTIC
    • Equine Papilloma on MUZZLE is MOMENTARY and affects MINORS Equine Papilloma on PRIVATES is PERMANENT and affects PENSIONERS
    • Location
      • Muzzle/lips: 4-6 yrs of age
      • Genitalia: older horses
    • Treatment
      • Muzzle and lips: self-resolves in 3 months
        • Persistent= immunosuppressed
      • Genital: generally do not resolve, can become SCC, monitor
103
Q

Proud Flesh

A
  • Non-Neoplastic
    • Wounds can PRODUCE PROUD flesh, which PREVENTS PROPER healing
    • Prevents wound from epithelializing=> keeps skin from healing over
    • Location
      • Below knee/hock
      • Cannon bone or pastern area
      • Skin under tension
    • Treatment
      • GOOD WOUND MANAGEMENT
      • Suture over promptly
      • Debride + pressure
        • Anti-inflammatories
      • Caustic compounds
        • Not recommended
104
Q

Swelling

A
  • Non-Neoplastic
    • Cause
      • Inflammation (includes infection)
      • Decreased fluid drainage
      • Lack of protein in vessels
      • Too much pressure in vessels
105
Q

Swelling:

Due to Inflammation

A
  • Cellulitis
    • CELLULITIS means the sub-CUTANEIOUS is COOKIN’
    • Treatment
      • Antibiotics
      • NSAIDs
      • Bandaging
      • Hydrotherapy
106
Q

Swelling:

Due to Decreased Fluid Drainage

A
  • Chronic Progressive Lympedema
    • DRAFTS can’t DRAIN, DEAD by 6
    • *Initially scratches like*
    • Location
      • Distal aspect, limbs
        • Lumpy skin/subcutis
        • Back of pastern
        • Recurrent 2nd infections
    • Treatment
      • Palliative care
        • Trim feathers
        • Control infections
        • Compressive bandages
        • Exercise
107
Q

Crusts due to Infection:

Dermatophilus (Rain Rot or Scald)

A
  • Dermatophilus PRODUCES PEELABLE PAINTBRUSHES when its PRECIPITATING
    • Location
      • Dorsum or back of hindquarters- where water accumulates
    • Treatment
      • Keep dry and clean
      • Anti-microbial shampoos
      • Antibiotics
108
Q

Crusts due to Infection:

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

A
  • Fungal infection
  • Higher incidence in fall/winter in temperate climates
  • Raised, circular swellings, then hair loss and crusting; variably itchy
  • Treatment
    • Sunlight
    • Good nutrition
    • DILUTE bleach
    • Antifungal shampoos
      • Miconozole
      • Chlorheidine
      • Povidine-Iodine Solution
109
Q

Crusts due to Infection: Parasites

A
  • (treat with insecticide; oral ivermectin for suckling lice)
    • Lice
      • Lice- LIKE LOW temperatures, and you can LOOK at them
    • Mange
      • Psoroptic Mange
        • In the body
      • Chorioptic Mange
        • Legs
      • Mange- MICROSCOPIC, but can be MIGHTY itchy
    • Summer Sores
      • Summer Sores are STOMACH worms in the SKIN
110
Q

​Crusts due to Infection:​ Pastern Dermatitis

A
  • Scratches –> Grease heel –> Grapes
  • SCRATCHES is not a SINGLE disease
  • Location
    • Pastern/fetlock
  • Treatment
    • Regular washing, keep dry
    • Protect from UV
    • Topical: DMSO, disinfectants, antibiotics, antifungal, anti-inflammatories
111
Q

​Crusts due to Infection:​ Aural Plaques (Ear Fungus)

A
  • PLAQUES are PERMANENT, and appear on the PINNAE
  • More active in summer
  • Treatment
    • Imiquimod- irritating
    • Blood root
112
Q

​Crusts due to Infection:​ Fistulous Withers

A
  • In fistulous withers, the BURSA BOIL over
  • Treatment
    • Surgery

Antibiotics

113
Q

Crusts due to Allergy: Eosinophilic granuloma

A
  • Eosinophilic granuloma is NODULAR, NOT painful, and due to allergens
  • Location
    • Chest and back
  • Treatment
    • Surgery if must
114
Q

Crusts due to Allergy: Sweet Itch

A
  • Caused by GNATS, seen in multiple GENERATIONS
  • Location
    • Face, peri-auricular, main, withers, rump, tail, and ventral midline
  • Treatment
    • Remove gnats
      • Fly spray, pour-on, stable when flies are out, fly sheets, etc.
115
Q

Crusts due to Auto-Immune: Pemphigus foliaceous

A
  • Pemphiguous has PLENTY of triggers, and is PERMENANT, may have POOR quality of life
  • Treatment
    • Corticosteroids/azathiprine immunosuppression vs. Euthanasia
116
Q

Crusts due to Unknown Causes: Cannon Keratosis (Stud Crud)

A
  • Lifelong
  • Non-painful unless secondary infections
  • Middle-aged or older
  • Treatment
    • Anti-seborrhea shampoos
117
Q

Weird Stuff: Anhidrosis

A
  • AndhidroSIS- can’t SWEAT because of STRESS hormones, SUSCEPTIBLE to heat STROKE
  • Treatment
    • Removal of severe climatic stress
118
Q

Weird Stuff: Hirsutism

A
  • Hirsutism is HAIRY, due to HORMONES
  • Associated with PPID (Equine Cushing’s Disease)
  • Treat the underlying disease
  • >15 yrs old
119
Q

Weird Stuff: Photosensitization

A
  • Dermis of ALL unpigmented skin
  • Secondary to hepatic injury
    • Metabolite of chlorophyll enters the skin due to impaired biliary excretion
120
Q

Weird Stuff: Herda

A
  • Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia
    • *ALL skin affected
  • AQH
    • Normal at birth- develops at 2-4 yrs
  • Hyper extensible skin + scars
  • Treatment
    • Genetic test for cyclophilin B mutation
121
Q

Weird Stuff: Linear Keratosis

A
  • QH, TB, standardbreds
  • Birth-5yrs
  • Genetic??
  • Asymptomatic blemish
  • Lifelong
  • No treatment
122
Q

Diseases of Pigmentation

A
  • Albinism vs.
    • Overo Lethal White
      • Non-functioning colon
    • Lavender Foal Syndrome (Arabs)
      • Weakness, neuro signs
  • Leukotrichia
    • White hairs
    • Retriculated=tiger striping
      • >1 yr old
    • Other forms of pigment loss
  • Vitiligo
    • Autoimmunity to melanin
123
Q

Wounds

A
  • 1st Intention Healing= sharp, clean wound; heals quickly; less infection
    • Surgical incision
  • 2nd Intention Healing= cannot pull the skin over the wound; has to heal from “the sides”; higher risk of infection
124
Q

List three dead end host diseases

A

EPM

West Nile

EEE

WEE

125
Q
A

Blister Beetles

126
Q
A

EPM

127
Q

Blue gums

A

Cyanosis

128
Q

Pale

A

Shock/anema

129
Q
A

Equine Health and Disease (2 decks)

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