Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Deciduous and permanent teeth
A
- Permanent teeth in by ~5 years
- Teeth erupt at rate of 2 – 3 mm/year
- Grass abrasive
2
Q
Assessing teeth
A
- Watch her eat
- Food dropped
- Palpate cheeks (upper arcade esp.)
- Discomfort in TMJ
- Head tossing/bit discomfort:
- Possible problems with wolf teeth
- Balance of incisors
- If unbalanced –> likely problems with premolars/molars
- Oral speculum to see/feel molars
- Radiographs if problems detected
3
Q
Suspect Dental problems when
A
- Change in behavior (dropping food, head tilting, excessive salivation)
- Quidding (rolling hay into balls & dropping them)
- Loss of weight /condition
- Halitosis
- Refusing certain types of food/refusing food completely
- Eating slowly
- Packing food into cheeks
- Food/hay in feces
- Swellings under jaw, side of face, above eyes
- Chewing on bit
4
Q
Parrot Mouth
A
- Inherited?
- Poor wear of incisors
- deformity of face
- poor wear of molars
- correctable in foals
- surgery
- retention wires
- acrylic plate
- 6-12 weeks old
- reduces overjet and/or overbite in 95% and 90%
5
Q
Periodontitis
A
- ~60% of horses >15 yrs
- inflamed tissue around teeth
- gigivitis= inflamed gums (early)
- periodontitis= periodontal ligament/cementum/bone (late)
- calculus NOT the major problem
- Major Causes
- diastemata (abnormal gaps between teeth, esp. cheek teeth
- Malocclusions–> malalignment –> deep sulci in gums –> FB buildup/loss of periodontal ligament –> bacteria colonization of gingival sulci
- systemic disease (Cushings)
- high concentrate diet
- maturity- esp as permanent teeth come in
6
Q
A
Periodontitis with loss of alveolar bone
- periodic dental cleaning of feed- bacteria buildup in deep sulcal pockets
- ~75% respond temp or perm
- packing sulci with gel
7
Q
A
Stomatitis
- foreign body
- vesicular stomatitis
- phenylbutazone
- blister beetle
- plant fragments
8
Q
Reproductive Anatomy of a Mare
A
- Vulva
- opening of reproductive tract
- Vagina
- Birth canal
- Cervix
- 5-7 cm
- relaxes or tightens due to hormonal influences
- Goblet cells
- Uterus
- suspended by the broad ligament
- Endometrium= INNERMOST layer of uterus
- Endometritis= inflammation of that layer
- Oviducts
- Fallopian tubes
- cilia to move fluid and ova toward uterus
- Ovaries
9
Q
Natural Breeding Season
A
- Longer daylight periods
- Best: 15–16 hours (summer!)
- =decrease melatonin from pineal gland
- Pulses of increasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- From pituitary gland
- Acts on ovaries
- ESTROGEN
- Surge of lutenizing hormone (LH)
- Stimulate follicles to develop
- Ruptured follicle - forms corpus luteum
- Releases PROGESTRONE
10
Q
Mares Estrus Cycle
A
- Estrus
- 21 days
- 15 days diestrus
- 6 days estrus
- Ovulation
- 24-48 hrs
- Late in estrus
- characteristics
- Luteal Stage
- Metestrus= 2 days
- Diestrus= 12-13 days
- Granulosa Cells
- yellow bodies
- progesterone
- 21 days
11
Q
Manipulating Estrus using Lights
A
- Artificial lighting
- 16 hr light period
- Hormonal
- Daily I/M progesterone for 10 days–> estrus behavior w/in 5 days
- GnRH 3x daily, followed by hCG
12
Q
Abortion vs. Stillbirth
A
Abortion= expulsion <300 days of gestation
Stillbirth= expulsion >300 days of gestation
13
Q
A
Pyometra
- generally rare
- infection w/abundant exudate formation
- fever
- depression
- visible discharge
14
Q
Urovagina
A
- Accumulation of urine
- observe with speculum
- correct with surgery (extend urethra)
- urine scald
15
Q
Mastitis
A
- Inflammation and infection of mammary glands
- most common after weaning
- treatment
- milk out
- antimicrobials
- anti-inflammatories
16
Q
Granulosa Cell Tumor
A
- Hormonally-active:
- Testosterone
- Estrogen (+ -)progesterone
- Detected by:
- Behavior
- Rectal palpation
- Hormonal assays (blood)
- Surgical removal of
affected ovary
* NOT malignant
* NOT bilateral
17
Q
Caslicks
A
- Wind sucking
- ‘Tipped’ vulvar conformation
- Recurrent endometritis
- Open prior to foaling!
18
Q
Stallion Examination
A
- physical exam
- ultrasound
- endoscopy
- cultures
- breeding observation
- semen analysis
- volume
- concentration
- morphology
- motility
19
Q
Cryptorchidism
A
- one or both testicles fail to drop
- palpate 4-6 months
- SURGERY
20
Q
Inguinal and Scrotal hernia
A
- intestines slip through inguinal rings
- colic risk
- correct with surgery
- complications with castration
21
Q
EVA
A
Equine Viral Arteritis
- signs
- fever
- depression
- edema of belly and legs
- abortions
- spread
- stallions w/ or w/o symptoms
- cooled or frozen semen
- mares- respiratory secretions
- vaccination available
- mares bred to carrier stallion should be vacc. prior to breeding
22
Q
Only in college do you study dick pics for a final… sorry
A
Coital Exanthema (EHV-3)
- sexually transmitted
- signs
- blister–> puss-filled visicle –> ulcer
- penis/prepuce and vulva/perianal area
- disease self limited
- 2-4 wks
- rest from breeding
- depigmented spots remain
- NO VACCINE
23
Q
Contagious Equine Metritis
(Taylorella Equigenitalis)
A
- CEM
- eliminated in US
- rare in Europe- sporadic
- imported mare must test negative
- vaginal discharge
- diagnosis
- culture urethra and penis/uterus
- specific site, specific medium
- Treatment
- antibacterial washing of penis and urethral fossa
- nitrofurazone dressing for 5 consq. days
- NO VACCINE- CEM REGULATED IN USA
24
Q
What is osteochondrosis
A
- A group of diseases characterized by abnormal growth and development of cartilage (articular and epiphyseal cartilage) and bone
- As DOT said, osteochondrosis is NOT a single disease
- “Osteo-” “-chondrosis(itis)”
- Growth of cartilage, as well as ossification of cartilage to bone at the epiphysis, does not occur correctly
- Results in abnormally thick cartilage and possibly bone cysts beneath cartilage
- •Cartilage thickening leads to cells not getting enough nutrients and they die,resulting in weak sections of cartilage
- Very common in rapidly growing individuals and breeds (people, horses,dogs,and pigs)
25
OCD
**Osteochondrosis Dissecans**
* Cartilage and bone deformation lead to void formed between cartilage and bone
* Normal daily activity can exacerbate this issue
* Cartilage may tear due to weak spots, creating a cartilage “flap”
* Once this flap has formed, osteochondrosis progresses to OCD
* In OCD, epiphyseal plate is unaffected and flap forms in joint
* OCD is one of the most common diseases resulting from osteochondrosis
* Signs usually seen in horses ~8 months of agee
* Depending on affected joint, maybe later
* Commonly affected joints depend on breed of horse
26
Benign Neoplasia
* Slow growth
* Usually encapsulated
* Smooth surface
* Local compression
* Small size
* Not fatal unless:
* Bleed out
* Compression of vital organ
* Growth in confined space
* Hormone production
* Cells differentiated
* Cells uniform and resemble each other
* Blood vessels in tumor well formed
* Minimal or no necrosis
* NEVER metastasize
* DNA content usually normal
* Karyotype usually normal
* Normal mitotic figures
27
Malignant Neoplasia
* **Metastasis**
* **Local invasion**
* irregular surface
* little or no capsule
* may be large with rapid growth
* often death if untreated
28
Common Tumors of horses
1. sarcoid
2. viral papilloma and aural plaques
3. SCC
4. melanoma/malignant melanoma
5. thyroid adenoma
6. pituitary adenoma in pars intermedia
7. lipoma
8. ovarian tumors (=granulosa cell tumor)
9. mast cell tumor
10. lymphoma (leukemia)
11. teratoma of undescended testicles
29
**Papilloma- Equine Warts**
* EcPV-1
* muzzle and lips
* EcPV-2
* genital areas
* associated with **genital SCC**
* like HPV-16 vaccine?
* Integrated into cell genome
* Young horses (\<3 years)
* hardy virus
* Immunity
* disappearance 1-6 months after appearance
* Chemical or freezing to remove
30
**AURAL PLAQUES**
* concave aspect, pinna
* esp. summer/fall = flies
* papilloma virus on EM
* not isolated
* often bilateral
* non-painful
* bother owner more than horses
* no reported treatments
* do not regress
* wax in summer, wane in winter
31
**SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA**
* COMMON
* _Ocular_
* eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, eyelid
* UV light/pale skin
* _Penile/preputial_
* smegma (EcPV-2)
* often aggressive in young horses
* _Face_
* UV light/pale skin
* _Perineal_
* UV light/pale skin
* vulva/clitoral
* _Stomach_
* often aggressive
* **Treatment**
* surgical
* early small lesions
* least successful on large, long-standing lesions
* other
* cryotherapy
* cytotoxic chemicals
* immunomodulation (BCG)
* radiation
* considered best
* expensive
* specialty clinics
32
**Melanoma**
* virtually all gray horses
* \>6-8 yrs
* black tarry discharge
* esp. tail perineum
* can be anywhere
* some become malignant
33
**LYMPHOMA**
* NO viral association
* typically 4-10 yrs old
* generally diagnosed **late** in clinical course
* chemotherapy and radiation therapy
* palliative glucocorticoid use more common
34
Thyroid Adenoma
* common in older horses
* biopsy or needle aspiration to confirm
* no need for treatment unless
* compression on adjacent structures
* growing
* hyperthyroidism
* OTHER Thyroid Masses
* goiter (congenital)
* Cystic hyperplasia
* Adenocarcinoma of thyroid follicles or C cells
35
Granulosa Cell Tumor
* Common
* male/female hormones secreted
* aggresive/stallion-like behavior
* markedly prolonged estrus
* unilateral
* slow growing
* do NOT metastasize
* Diagnose
* Palpation
* ultrasound
* testosterone+inhibin
* anti-mullarian hormone
36
Pituitary Adenoma, Pars Intermedia
* Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)
* melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) production
* typically \>18 yrs old
* long hair coat
* pressure on hypothalamus
* body temp, appetite, cyclic shedding
* polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD)
* poor muscle tone and weakness
* somnolence
* abnormal distribution of adipose tissue
* swelling of periorbital fossa, laminitis
* more infections
37
Lipoma
* common in older horses
* intra-abdominal
* long stalk=stragulation of small intestine
* cause of colic
38
Lymphoma
* most commonly internal
* leukemia UNUSUAL
* no effective treatment
* when skin involved
* often indolent
* cutaneous nodules
* T cell rich, B cell lymphoma
* may be stallion-like behavior
39
where is navicular disease
* the navicular bone is located at the back of the coffin bone
* gliding surface of DDFT
* bursa serve as protective layer
* specific injury to the bone is "Navicular Disease"
* Injury to the surrounding area "Navicular Syndrome"
40
Predisposing Factors to Navicular
* Age= 7-14
* Workload= nonathletic or rapid change
* Genetics= warmbloods, ponies, friesians, arabians
* Conformation= halther type QH's
41
Recognizing navicular disease
* lameness= bilateral
* stall shavings= piling (making a cushion)
* standing underneath of themselves= shifting weight to the toes
* natural overgrowth of heels
42
What is cancer?
when cells have one or more mutations in key genes that proliferates causing uncontrolled growth and metastasizing
43
List three neoplasias in horses
1. sarcoids
2. SCC
3. Melanomas
44
* Brucella Abortus
* B. suis occasionally involved
* endemic in GYA elk and bison
* transmission to cattle
* cattle --\> horses
* serological positive horses not uncommon
* zoonotic
* "Fistulous withers" and "poll evil"
* bursitis between shoulder blades or atlantal bursa
45
EVA
* arterivirus (related to PRRS)
* present but rare in USA
* most infections inapparent
* three presentations
* Flu-like illness
* abortion
* pneumonia (v. young foals)
* MVL vaccine- USDA-controlled
46
**Pigeon Fever (dryland distemper; Wyoming strangles)**
* **no vaccine**
* fly transmitted
* esp. in young horses \<5yr
* abscess in pectoral area and ventral midline
* generally recover within 2 wks of rupture and discharge
* complications
* internal abscesses
* laminitis
47
**Big Head**
* Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, bran disease, miller disease, swollen face disease, equine osteoporosis
* low in Ca and/or high in Phosphorus
* typically with a P/Ca ratio of \>3/1
48
**Hendra**
* Incubation= 6-18 days
* Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia
* nasal discharge
* sudden death 1-3 days after onset
49
Dourine- Equine Trypanosomiasis
* equine version of human "sleeping sickness"
* STD
* horses only
* In S. America and elsewhere
* Chronic blood-borne parasity
* trypanosoma equiperdum
* transmitted sexually, but a neurological disease
50
Clinical signs of dourine
* Acute STD=
* mares: vaginal discharge
* stallions: edema of external genitalia
* Chronic disease= CNS
* Treatment not recommended
* induces carrier state
* **risk from imported semen from endemic areas**
51
Innate immunity
* Multiple components
52
Adaptive immunity
* cell-mediated= T cell
* Humoral= B cell
53
**Strangles**
* streptococcus equi
* **one** antigenic type
* hard for neutrophils to kill (mucoid capsule)
* infection from other horses
* direct vs. indirect
* long-term subclinical carriers
* upper respiratory tract infection
* fever
* other complications
* shedding begins AFTER fever starts
* 1-2 days
* intranasal vaccine
54
about antibody tests
* difficulty distinguishing whether abcess is due to
* natural infection
* vaccine
* cross reactions
* different antibody classes
* IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
* IgE develops _late_ in horses --\> allergies at \>2 yrs
* Seroconversion
* **4 fold** or greater rise in measurable antibody
* rationale for 'acute' and 'convalescent' serum samples taken 3 weeks apart
55
Assessing immune system
* Hemogram (CBC)
* high WBC= esp. bacterial infections
* low WBC= esp. many viral infections
* Immunoglobulins
* esp. foals for FPT
* allergen tests
56
Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity
* **MOST COMMON IMMUNODEFICIENCY OF HORSES**
* unlike humans, no antibody crosses placenta
* function of equine placental structure
* all foals are born **agammaglobulinemic**
* failure of passive transfer
* **3-20%** of ALL foals
* 800 mg/dl= nurse appropriately
* 400-800 mg/dl= partial protection
* \<400 mg/dl= unprotected
* **x3** more likely to develop illness requiring treatment
* absorption best in first 6 hr. post-natal life
* typical complications
* septicemia (blood poisoning)
* **87%** of septic neonates with IgG concentrations \<8 g/l
* Navel ill, joint ill, pneumonia, encephalitis, other
57
Confirming FPT
* FPT foals LOOK FINE until
* local/generalized infection supervenes
* Absence of FPT prerequisite to insure young foals
* Lab Test
* radial immunodiffusion assay (RIA)
* Definitive- slow
* Foal side
* commercial kits
* SNAP foal IgG test, GAMMA-check, EQUI-S Equine FPT, Foalcheck, etc
58
FPT Risk Factors
* Prematurity
* Pre-lactation
* Poor quality colostrum
* Failure to nurse
* Esp. Jan – Mar foals
* In utero infection + consumption of Abs
59
FPT Treatment
* Colostrum:
* Strip out pre-lactating mare
* Commercial sources
* Bovine colostrum if no equine
* Plasma
* Hygiene for foal
* Observe and treat for
septicemia
60
CIDS
Combined Immunodeficiency
* Arabs
* HR disease; genetic test available
* less common now
* 15% carrier rate in Arabs
* Typically death at 4-6 months of infection
* generally pneumonia
* some unusual low-grade pathogens
* others
* absence of B cells
* selective IgM deficiency
61
**Neonatal isoerythrolysis ('jaundiced foal syndrome')**
* mare sensitized to foal's RBC antigens
* complex blood antigens (8types)
* Typical sequence:
* normal foal --\> absorb colostrum --\> RBC's destroyed --\> anemia + jaundice +death
* test mare in late gestation for anti-RBC antibodies
* withhold mare's milk if recognized early
* **mild: restrict exercise**
* **moderate/severe: blood transfusion**
62
Anaphylaxis
* hypersensitive immune reaction
* typically involves IgE
* Shock organ: lung
* edema
* also sweating and shock
* possible after exposure to ANY foreign substance
* drugs; blood or plasma transfusions
* occasionally fatal
* epinephrine + fluids - for shock
* corticosteroids - to reverse inflammation
* limited value of antihistamines
63
Recurrent Airway Obstruction
* Heaves = increased respiratory effort at rest
* RAO now preferred term
* Analogous to human asthma
* Response to anti-inflammatory agents
* Allergic basis with major genetic component
* ‘Inflammatory airway disease’: Signs manifest when exercised:
* Coughing, poor performance, exercise intolerance
* No recognized infectious pathogen
* Response to dusts
64
Lymphoma
* Most common malignant neoplasm of horse
* Esp. Thoroughbreds
* Typically older horses (\>10 yr)
* Variable progression – some indolent (skin) Types:
* Multicentric
* Skin
* GIT
65
**Glanders**
* Oldest known plague of horses:
* Widespread in US, esp. in Civil War
* Attempt to infect horses being shipped to WWI
* No longer in US
* Eradicated 1930s
* Outbreak in Germany (2014)
* South America, northern Africa, parts of Asia/Middle East
* Bacterial disease: **Burkholderia mallei**
* Evolved from B. pseudomallei, soil pathogen
* Zoonotic – rare but serious (~40% fatal)
* Doesn’t persist long outside of horses/mules/donkeys
* Major form: ‘farcy’ = infected subcutaneous lymph nodes and lymphatics Also:
* Respiratory form
* Chronic (actually, acute recrudescent) and occult infections
* No vaccine + resistant to many antibiotics
* Control by test + slaughter
66
Confidence card ;)
Whats the 1,2,3 rule?
1. stand in 1 hr
2. nurse in 2 hrs
3. placenta passed in 3 hrs
67
Trauma in foals
* **most important single cause of death 0-12 months**
* musculoskeletal injury
* typically on grass
* ribs
* especially foaling
* long bones
* skull
68
Septicemia
* the sleepy foal
* recumbent +- diarrhea
* multiple agents
* generally environmental or commensal bacteria
* survival rate ~50% with intensive care
* a special case: Actinobacillus sp
* HIGH mortality
* often present within 1 day of birth
* found in WY
69
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome
**Dummy Foal**
* Most common CNS disorder in neonatal foals
* neurological damage
* FPT complication
* Nursing +patience vs. euthanasia
70
Rhodococcus 'prescottella equi'
* pyrexia and rattles
* important regionally- endemic farms/ranches
* soild dwelling organism
* often in intestines of healthy horses
* NOT a result of poor management
* NOT related to FPT
* NO VACCINE
* hyperimmune serum option
* primarily PNEUMONIA
* also intestines or joints
* fever + lethargy +snotty nose
71
**Conjunctivitis**
* inflamed conjunctival sac
* bacterial or allergies
* trauma
* dust
* most uncomplicated
* good response to Abs
* protect from flies
* Complications
* Keratitis
* **Keratoconjunctivitis**
* blocked NL duct
72
Blocked Nasolacrimal (Tear) duct
* weepy eye
* nuisance
* conjunctivitis sequel
* treatment
* Flush NL duct
* some permanent
73
**Keratitis**
* inflamed cornea
* normally **avascular**
* deep ulcers slow to heal
* superficial ulcers
* risk of 2nd infection
* bacterial
* fungal
* perforation risk
* iris adhesions
* antibiotic ointments + antropine +NSAIDS
74
Fungal Keratitis
75
**Cataract**
* opaque lens
* importance of severity and site
* some congenital
* sequel to
* trauma
* recurrent uveitis
* leave alone or
* surgery
* phacoemulsification + lens implant
76
Recurrent Uveitis
* uveitis= inflammatio of blood vascular layer
* probalby related to exposure to bacterial antigens
* MAJOR autoimmune component
* Genetics= appaloosa
* one or both eyes
* waxes and wanes
* hard to control
* BLINDNESS due to complications
* persistent uveitis
* glaucoma
* mature cataracts
* retinal detachment
* hemorrhage
* atrophy
* anti-inflammatory + mydriatics
77
Cancer in and Around Eye
* Common
* **SCC**
* **Sarcoid**
* papilloma
* lymphosarcoma
* melanoma
78
**Cancer Eye**
* Squamous cell carcinoma
* esp. UV exposure
* common in WY
* Eyelids
* **Slow** to metastasize
* locally destructive
* Draught, appaloosa, paints
* surgical removal
79
**Sarcoid**
* Variable
* 5 clinical types
* not always obvious sarcoids
* BPV- 1, 2, 5
* Surgery vs.
* immunotherapy
* chemotherapy
* freezing or heating
* brachytherapy
* photodynamic therapy
80
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
* PPID= **TRUE CUSHINGS DISEASE**
* COMMON! LARGELY ESTHETIC
* Older animals (late teens to 20's)
* predisposed to insulin resistance
* Hypertrophy/hyperplasia in pituitary gland, with high ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)
* increased cortisol released from adrenal glands
* Abnormal fat deposits
* long curly hair that won't shed
* bulging supaorbital fat pads
* treatment
* body clip in summer months
* regular dental + hoof care (prone to laminitis and basically all infections)
* Pergolide mesylate (Permad) or cyproheptadine or combo
* increased risk of infections
81
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
* AKA: easy keepers, insulin-resistant
* Humans
* insulin-resistance= similar to pre-diabetics
* horses
* esp. ponies= genetic component
* cresty neck and thick sheath
* obesity= increased risk of laminitis
* overfeeding structural carbohydrates
* obese horse w/cresty neck + predisposition to laminitis
* weight reduction + exercise
* forage diet, not pasture grass - eliminate concentrates
82
Difference between EMS and PPID
* EMS
* onset earlier
* laminitis
* test
* insulin test
* few progress to diabetes
* control: WEIGHT LOSS
* PPID
* onset in middle/old age
* laminitis
* hirsutism
* excessive sweating
* skeletal muscle atrophy
* test
* low dose dexamethasone supression test
* high ACTH
* control: counteracting effects of ACTH
83
Acute colitis in a horse
1. plutomic horse fever
2. salmonella
3. CDIF
84
* parasitic problem
* age, kidney's
* teeth
* ulcers
* cancer
85
* pneumonia
* rhino
* strangles
* blockage
* choke
* sinisitis
* EVA
86
edema- the dye shows an ulcer
=== fluracine
87
EHV3
88
What serious potential medical problem must you watch for w/ retained placenta?
* bacterial infection --\> endometritis
* lamanitis
89
white of eye
sclera
90
What is the most common immunological disease affecting horses?
FPT= failure of transfer of passive immunity
91
extracorporeal shockwave therapy is used to treat?
tendonitis
92
According to Crabbe, periodontitis can be caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cushings (corticosteriods)
maliclusion
93
Which of these is most likely to persist for life?
Equine infectious anemia
94
Why might a horse have difficulty breathing at rest?
pneumonia
heaves
choke
colic
heart failure
anemia
95
Which of these is there no vaccine for?
Rhodococcus equi
96
You want to find current consensus statements about a common equine disease
AAEP
97
what might cause you to suspect navicular? Two management methods
* camped under, shavings piling
* bar shoes
* equipack
98
What is a rig?
cryporchid
99
In one sentence explain what you understand about shock?
decreased perfusion of O2 to tissues
100
A group of horses develops posterior weakness
EHV
quarantine
101
Explain what a:
* bean
* Winking
* Sweeny
* Roarer
* EGUS
* Milkface
* Colic
* Ca buildup in bladder or urinary tract
* estrous display by mare --\> heat
* atrophy of shoulder
* loud breathing, damage to esophageal tract
* equine gastric ulcer syndrome
* trouble suckling--\> parrot mouth
* intestinal discomfort/abdominal cavity pain
102
What is the theory behind effectiveness of:
acupuncture
chiropractic medicine
homeopathy
release of endorphines
freeing of tissue
like treats like
103
Homemade solution for cleaning wounds
1 tsp of salt
1 pt of H2O
104
Digestive Disease in older horses
* worn teeth and periodontitis
* gastro-intestinal impaction or rupture
* intestinal displacement/volvulus
* intestinal inflammation
* liver failure
105
**Hydralltois/Hydramnios**
* excessive fluid in uterus
* generally associated with dead fetus
* terminate pregnancy
* risk of ruptured prepubic tendon
106
**Premature Placental Separation**
* 'red bag'
* premature separation of placenta from uterus before water breaks
* risk of foal hypoxia
* tear into placenta
* risk of neonatal maladjustment syndrome
107
Good sources of info
1. Consensus statements
2. American College of Veterinary Medicine
3. PubMed
4. Equine Vet. Journal
5. Gluck Equine Center, KY
