Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Deciduous and permanent teeth
A
- Permanent teeth in by ~5 years
- Teeth erupt at rate of 2 – 3 mm/year
- Grass abrasive
2
Q
Assessing teeth
A
- Watch her eat
- Food dropped
- Palpate cheeks (upper arcade esp.)
- Discomfort in TMJ
- Head tossing/bit discomfort:
- Possible problems with wolf teeth
- Balance of incisors
- If unbalanced –> likely problems with premolars/molars
- Oral speculum to see/feel molars
- Radiographs if problems detected
3
Q
Suspect Dental problems when
A
- Change in behavior (dropping food, head tilting, excessive salivation)
- Quidding (rolling hay into balls & dropping them)
- Loss of weight /condition
- Halitosis
- Refusing certain types of food/refusing food completely
- Eating slowly
- Packing food into cheeks
- Food/hay in feces
- Swellings under jaw, side of face, above eyes
- Chewing on bit
4
Q
Parrot Mouth
A
- Inherited?
- Poor wear of incisors
- deformity of face
- poor wear of molars
- correctable in foals
- surgery
- retention wires
- acrylic plate
- 6-12 weeks old
- reduces overjet and/or overbite in 95% and 90%
5
Q
Periodontitis
A
- ~60% of horses >15 yrs
- inflamed tissue around teeth
- gigivitis= inflamed gums (early)
- periodontitis= periodontal ligament/cementum/bone (late)
- calculus NOT the major problem
- Major Causes
- diastemata (abnormal gaps between teeth, esp. cheek teeth
- Malocclusions–> malalignment –> deep sulci in gums –> FB buildup/loss of periodontal ligament –> bacteria colonization of gingival sulci
- systemic disease (Cushings)
- high concentrate diet
- maturity- esp as permanent teeth come in
6
Q
A
Periodontitis with loss of alveolar bone
- periodic dental cleaning of feed- bacteria buildup in deep sulcal pockets
- ~75% respond temp or perm
- packing sulci with gel
7
Q
A
Stomatitis
- foreign body
- vesicular stomatitis
- phenylbutazone
- blister beetle
- plant fragments
8
Q
Reproductive Anatomy of a Mare
A
- Vulva
- opening of reproductive tract
- Vagina
- Birth canal
- Cervix
- 5-7 cm
- relaxes or tightens due to hormonal influences
- Goblet cells
- Uterus
- suspended by the broad ligament
- Endometrium= INNERMOST layer of uterus
- Endometritis= inflammation of that layer
- Oviducts
- Fallopian tubes
- cilia to move fluid and ova toward uterus
- Ovaries
9
Q
Natural Breeding Season
A
- Longer daylight periods
- Best: 15–16 hours (summer!)
- =decrease melatonin from pineal gland
- Pulses of increasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- From pituitary gland
- Acts on ovaries
- ESTROGEN
- Surge of lutenizing hormone (LH)
- Stimulate follicles to develop
- Ruptured follicle - forms corpus luteum
- Releases PROGESTRONE
10
Q
Mares Estrus Cycle
A
- Estrus
- 21 days
- 15 days diestrus
- 6 days estrus
- Ovulation
- 24-48 hrs
- Late in estrus
- characteristics
- Luteal Stage
- Metestrus= 2 days
- Diestrus= 12-13 days
- Granulosa Cells
- yellow bodies
- progesterone
- 21 days
11
Q
Manipulating Estrus using Lights
A
- Artificial lighting
- 16 hr light period
- Hormonal
- Daily I/M progesterone for 10 days–> estrus behavior w/in 5 days
- GnRH 3x daily, followed by hCG
12
Q
Abortion vs. Stillbirth
A
Abortion= expulsion <300 days of gestation
Stillbirth= expulsion >300 days of gestation
13
Q
A
Pyometra
- generally rare
- infection w/abundant exudate formation
- fever
- depression
- visible discharge
14
Q
Urovagina
A
- Accumulation of urine
- observe with speculum
- correct with surgery (extend urethra)
- urine scald
15
Q
Mastitis
A
- Inflammation and infection of mammary glands
- most common after weaning
- treatment
- milk out
- antimicrobials
- anti-inflammatories
16
Q
Granulosa Cell Tumor
A
- Hormonally-active:
- Testosterone
- Estrogen (+ -)progesterone
- Detected by:
- Behavior
- Rectal palpation
- Hormonal assays (blood)
- Surgical removal of
affected ovary
* NOT malignant
* NOT bilateral
17
Q
Caslicks
A
- Wind sucking
- ‘Tipped’ vulvar conformation
- Recurrent endometritis
- Open prior to foaling!
18
Q
Stallion Examination
A
- physical exam
- ultrasound
- endoscopy
- cultures
- breeding observation
- semen analysis
- volume
- concentration
- morphology
- motility
19
Q
Cryptorchidism
A
- one or both testicles fail to drop
- palpate 4-6 months
- SURGERY
20
Q
Inguinal and Scrotal hernia
A
- intestines slip through inguinal rings
- colic risk
- correct with surgery
- complications with castration
21
Q
EVA
A
Equine Viral Arteritis
- signs
- fever
- depression
- edema of belly and legs
- abortions
- spread
- stallions w/ or w/o symptoms
- cooled or frozen semen
- mares- respiratory secretions
- vaccination available
- mares bred to carrier stallion should be vacc. prior to breeding
22
Q
Only in college do you study dick pics for a final… sorry
A
Coital Exanthema (EHV-3)
- sexually transmitted
- signs
- blister–> puss-filled visicle –> ulcer
- penis/prepuce and vulva/perianal area
- disease self limited
- 2-4 wks
- rest from breeding
- depigmented spots remain
- NO VACCINE
23
Q
Contagious Equine Metritis
(Taylorella Equigenitalis)
A
- CEM
- eliminated in US
- rare in Europe- sporadic
- imported mare must test negative
- vaginal discharge
- diagnosis
- culture urethra and penis/uterus
- specific site, specific medium
- Treatment
- antibacterial washing of penis and urethral fossa
- nitrofurazone dressing for 5 consq. days
- NO VACCINE- CEM REGULATED IN USA
24
Q
What is osteochondrosis
A
- A group of diseases characterized by abnormal growth and development of cartilage (articular and epiphyseal cartilage) and bone
- As DOT said, osteochondrosis is NOT a single disease
- “Osteo-” “-chondrosis(itis)”
- Growth of cartilage, as well as ossification of cartilage to bone at the epiphysis, does not occur correctly
- Results in abnormally thick cartilage and possibly bone cysts beneath cartilage
- •Cartilage thickening leads to cells not getting enough nutrients and they die,resulting in weak sections of cartilage
- Very common in rapidly growing individuals and breeds (people, horses,dogs,and pigs)
25
Q
OCD
A
Osteochondrosis Dissecans
- Cartilage and bone deformation lead to void formed between cartilage and bone
- Normal daily activity can exacerbate this issue
- Cartilage may tear due to weak spots, creating a cartilage “flap”
- Once this flap has formed, osteochondrosis progresses to OCD
- In OCD, epiphyseal plate is unaffected and flap forms in joint
- OCD is one of the most common diseases resulting from osteochondrosis
- Signs usually seen in horses ~8 months of agee
- Depending on affected joint, maybe later
- Commonly affected joints depend on breed of horse
26
Q
Benign Neoplasia
A
- Slow growth
- Usually encapsulated
- Smooth surface
- Local compression
- Small size
- Not fatal unless:
- Bleed out
- Compression of vital organ
- Growth in confined space
- Hormone production
- Cells differentiated
- Cells uniform and resemble each other
- Blood vessels in tumor well formed
- Minimal or no necrosis
- NEVER metastasize
- DNA content usually normal
- Karyotype usually normal
- Normal mitotic figures
27
Q
Malignant Neoplasia
A
- Metastasis
- Local invasion
- irregular surface
- little or no capsule
- may be large with rapid growth
- often death if untreated
28
Q
Common Tumors of horses
A
- sarcoid
- viral papilloma and aural plaques
- SCC
- melanoma/malignant melanoma
- thyroid adenoma
- pituitary adenoma in pars intermedia
- lipoma
- ovarian tumors (=granulosa cell tumor)
- mast cell tumor
- lymphoma (leukemia)
- teratoma of undescended testicles
29
Q
A
Papilloma- Equine Warts
- EcPV-1
- muzzle and lips
- EcPV-2
- genital areas
- associated with genital SCC
- like HPV-16 vaccine?
- Integrated into cell genome
- Young horses (<3 years)
- hardy virus
- Immunity
- disappearance 1-6 months after appearance
- Chemical or freezing to remove
30
Q
A
AURAL PLAQUES
- concave aspect, pinna
- esp. summer/fall = flies
- papilloma virus on EM
- not isolated
- often bilateral
- non-painful
- bother owner more than horses
- no reported treatments
- do not regress
- wax in summer, wane in winter
31
Q
A
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- COMMON
-
Ocular
- eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, eyelid
- UV light/pale skin
-
Penile/preputial
- smegma (EcPV-2)
- often aggressive in young horses
-
Face
- UV light/pale skin
-
Perineal
- UV light/pale skin
- vulva/clitoral
-
Stomach
- often aggressive
-
Treatment
- surgical
- early small lesions
- least successful on large, long-standing lesions
- other
- cryotherapy
- cytotoxic chemicals
- immunomodulation (BCG)
- radiation
- considered best
- expensive
- specialty clinics
- surgical
32
Q
A
Melanoma
- virtually all gray horses
- >6-8 yrs
- black tarry discharge
- esp. tail perineum
- can be anywhere
- some become malignant
33
Q
A
LYMPHOMA
- NO viral association
- typically 4-10 yrs old
- generally diagnosed late in clinical course
- chemotherapy and radiation therapy
- palliative glucocorticoid use more common
34
Q
Thyroid Adenoma
A
- common in older horses
- biopsy or needle aspiration to confirm
- no need for treatment unless
- compression on adjacent structures
- growing
- hyperthyroidism
- OTHER Thyroid Masses
- goiter (congenital)
- Cystic hyperplasia
- Adenocarcinoma of thyroid follicles or C cells
35
Q
Granulosa Cell Tumor
A
- Common
- male/female hormones secreted
- aggresive/stallion-like behavior
- markedly prolonged estrus
- unilateral
- slow growing
- do NOT metastasize
- Diagnose
- Palpation
- ultrasound
- testosterone+inhibin
- anti-mullarian hormone
36
Q
Pituitary Adenoma, Pars Intermedia
A
- Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) production
- typically >18 yrs old
- long hair coat
- pressure on hypothalamus
- body temp, appetite, cyclic shedding
- polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD)
- poor muscle tone and weakness
- somnolence
- abnormal distribution of adipose tissue
- swelling of periorbital fossa, laminitis
- more infections
37
Q
Lipoma
A
- common in older horses
- intra-abdominal
- long stalk=stragulation of small intestine
- cause of colic
38
Q
Lymphoma
A
- most commonly internal
- leukemia UNUSUAL
- no effective treatment
- when skin involved
- often indolent
- cutaneous nodules
- T cell rich, B cell lymphoma
- may be stallion-like behavior
39
Q
where is navicular disease
A
- the navicular bone is located at the back of the coffin bone
- gliding surface of DDFT
- bursa serve as protective layer
- specific injury to the bone is “Navicular Disease”
- Injury to the surrounding area “Navicular Syndrome”
40
Q
Predisposing Factors to Navicular
A
- Age= 7-14
- Workload= nonathletic or rapid change
- Genetics= warmbloods, ponies, friesians, arabians
- Conformation= halther type QH’s
41
Q
Recognizing navicular disease
A
- lameness= bilateral
- stall shavings= piling (making a cushion)
- standing underneath of themselves= shifting weight to the toes
- natural overgrowth of heels
42
Q
What is cancer?
A
when cells have one or more mutations in key genes that proliferates causing uncontrolled growth and metastasizing
44
Q
A
- Brucella Abortus
- B. suis occasionally involved
- endemic in GYA elk and bison
- transmission to cattle
- cattle –> horses
- serological positive horses not uncommon
- zoonotic
- “Fistulous withers” and “poll evil”
- bursitis between shoulder blades or atlantal bursa
46
Q
A
Pigeon Fever (dryland distemper; Wyoming strangles)
- no vaccine
- fly transmitted
- esp. in young horses <5yr
- abscess in pectoral area and ventral midline
- generally recover within 2 wks of rupture and discharge
- complications
- internal abscesses
- laminitis
47
Q
A
Big Head
- Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, bran disease, miller disease, swollen face disease, equine osteoporosis
- low in Ca and/or high in Phosphorus
- typically with a P/Ca ratio of >3/1
48
Q
A
Hendra
- Incubation= 6-18 days
- Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia
- nasal discharge
- sudden death 1-3 days after onset
53
Q
A
Strangles
- streptococcus equi
- one antigenic type
- hard for neutrophils to kill (mucoid capsule)
- infection from other horses
- direct vs. indirect
- long-term subclinical carriers
- upper respiratory tract infection
- fever
- other complications
- shedding begins AFTER fever starts
- 1-2 days
- intranasal vaccine
61
Q
A
Neonatal isoerythrolysis (‘jaundiced foal syndrome’)
- mare sensitized to foal’s RBC antigens
- complex blood antigens (8types)
- Typical sequence:
- normal foal –> absorb colostrum –> RBC’s destroyed –> anemia + jaundice +death
- test mare in late gestation for anti-RBC antibodies
- withhold mare’s milk if recognized early
- mild: restrict exercise
- moderate/severe: blood transfusion
64
Q
Lymphoma
A
- Most common malignant neoplasm of horse
- Esp. Thoroughbreds
- Typically older horses (>10 yr)
- Variable progression – some indolent (skin) Types:
- Multicentric
- Skin
- GIT
65
Q
A
Glanders
- Oldest known plague of horses:
- Widespread in US, esp. in Civil War
- Attempt to infect horses being shipped to WWI
- No longer in US
- Eradicated 1930s
- Outbreak in Germany (2014)
- South America, northern Africa, parts of Asia/Middle East
- Bacterial disease: Burkholderia mallei
- Evolved from B. pseudomallei, soil pathogen
- Zoonotic – rare but serious (~40% fatal)
- Doesn’t persist long outside of horses/mules/donkeys
- Major form: ‘farcy’ = infected subcutaneous lymph nodes and lymphatics Also:
- Respiratory form
- Chronic (actually, acute recrudescent) and occult infections
- No vaccine + resistant to many antibiotics
- Control by test + slaughter
70
Q
Rhodococcus ‘prescottella equi’
A
- pyrexia and rattles
- important regionally- endemic farms/ranches
- soild dwelling organism
- often in intestines of healthy horses
- NOT a result of poor management
- NOT related to FPT
- NO VACCINE
- hyperimmune serum option
- primarily PNEUMONIA
- also intestines or joints
- fever + lethargy +snotty nose
71
Q
A
Conjunctivitis
- inflamed conjunctival sac
- bacterial or allergies
- trauma
- dust
- most uncomplicated
- good response to Abs
- protect from flies
- Complications
- Keratitis
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- blocked NL duct
- Keratitis
73
Q
A
Keratitis
- inflamed cornea
- normally avascular
- deep ulcers slow to heal
- superficial ulcers
- risk of 2nd infection
- bacterial
- fungal
- perforation risk
- iris adhesions
- risk of 2nd infection
- antibiotic ointments + antropine +NSAIDS
74
Q
A
Fungal Keratitis
75
Q
A
Cataract
- opaque lens
- importance of severity and site
- some congenital
- sequel to
- trauma
- recurrent uveitis
- leave alone or
- surgery
- phacoemulsification + lens implant
- surgery
78
Q
A
Cancer Eye
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- esp. UV exposure
- common in WY
- Eyelids
-
Slow to metastasize
- locally destructive
- Draught, appaloosa, paints
- surgical removal
79
Q
A
Sarcoid
- Variable
- 5 clinical types
- not always obvious sarcoids
- BPV- 1, 2, 5
- Surgery vs.
- immunotherapy
- chemotherapy
- freezing or heating
- brachytherapy
- photodynamic therapy
84
Q
A
- parasitic problem
- age, kidney’s
- teeth
- ulcers
- cancer
85
Q
A
- pneumonia
- rhino
- strangles
- blockage
- choke
- sinisitis
- EVA
86
Q
A
edema- the dye shows an ulcer
=== fluracine
87
Q
A
EHV3
105
Q
A
Hydralltois/Hydramnios
- excessive fluid in uterus
- generally associated with dead fetus
- terminate pregnancy
- risk of ruptured prepubic tendon
106
Q
A
Premature Placental Separation
- ‘red bag’
- premature separation of placenta from uterus before water breaks
- risk of foal hypoxia
- tear into placenta
- risk of neonatal maladjustment syndrome
