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Sociology 101 > Mid-Term > Flashcards

Mid-Term Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sociology?

A

The Scientific study of social life and social change.

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2
Q

What are the three levels of analysis?

A

Micro
Meso
Macro

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3
Q

What do all social units connect to make up?

A

Social Structure

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4
Q

What is a group of 2 persons called in a sociology study?

A

Dyad

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5
Q

Who coined the termed sociology?

A

Auguste Compte

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6
Q

What sources can be studied when using the Existing Data method for a research?

A

Newspapers
Police Reports
Studies by the Census Bureau

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7
Q

What is the Sociological Imagination?

A

The relationship between individual experiences and public issues.

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8
Q

What are the ethics in sociological research?

A

The researcher must remain free from personal bias.

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9
Q

What is an independent variable and a dependent variable?

A

Independent variable: A variable which can affect another variable.

Dependent Variable: A variable which is affected by the independent variable.

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10
Q

What does the Functionalism Theory emphasize about social institutions?

A

Social Institutions perform important functions to help social stability.

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11
Q

What is a random sample?

A

Every person in the population has an equal chance to be selected.

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12
Q

According to Karl Marx, what are the two types of social classes in society?

A

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

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13
Q

What enables us to pass on culture?

A

Language

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14
Q

What can ethnocentrism promote?

A

Loyalty
Unity
Conformity

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15
Q

Define beliefs.

A

Specific ideas about life and how society works and how we fit in the world.

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16
Q

What are subcultures? What are countercultures? What are some examples of each? What is the difference between subcultures and countercultures?

A

Subcultures norms and values do not clash with the dominant culture.

Countercultures do clash with the dominant culture.

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17
Q

Define norms.

A

Are rules of behavior shared by members of a society and rooted in the value system.

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18
Q

What are the 3 categories of norms?

A

Folkways
Mores
Laws

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19
Q

According to Emile Durkheim, societies evolved from mechanic societies to ___________.

A

Organic Societies

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20
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Setting aside personal beliefs, not judging, understanding culture by their own standards.

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21
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

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22
Q

Values

A

Shared judgments of what’s desirable and undesirable.

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23
Q

Define Social Construction of Reality.

A

What is considered real, what culture is defined as real.

24
Q

Define Cultural Diffusion.

A

Spreading culture characteristics to one culture to another.

25
Q

What are rites of passage?

A

Celebrations or public recognition when individual shifts from one role to another.

26
Q

If a person is 65 years or older, can they continue experiencing socialization? Why or Why not?

A

Yes, life long process.

27
Q

According to George Herbert Mead, which part of the “Self” requires the ability to take the role of the other and anticipate the other’s reaction?

A

The “Me”

28
Q

Define Socialization

A

The life-long process of learning to become part of the social world.

29
Q

Socialization is a _________ for all cultures.

A

Universal

30
Q

What are Total Institutions?

A

Total control of the residents. I.E. Prisons, institutions.

31
Q

In what stage do children begin to understand the generalized other?

A

Game Stage

32
Q

Name the 3 agents of socialization

A

Family
Peer Groups
Media

33
Q

What does our expressions of emotions depend on?

A

Socialization and culture

34
Q

According to Sociologist, what is far more important as the central force in shaping human social behavior through the socialization process?

A

Nature vs nurtured -> more important

35
Q

What are the elements of the Looking Glass Self Theory? How many are there?

A

1.) We imagine how we appear to others
2.) We interpret their reactions
3.) We develop a self-concept.
Three

36
Q

What is the primary goal of Bureaucracies?

A

To maximize efficiency.

37
Q

What are social statuses? What are the types of statuses?

A

Positions people hold in the social world.
Ascribed
Achieved
Master

38
Q

What is frontstage and backstage behavior?

A

Front stage is practiced, back stage is our true behavior where very little people see.

39
Q

What does appropriate personal space varies by?

A

Cultural Setting

40
Q

What is a Reference Group?

A

A group that are members that act as role models to another and establish standards against members who measure their conduct.

41
Q

What is an Aggregate?

A

A collection of people in a place at the same time, but don’t interact.

42
Q

What was the linked variable that Emile Durkheim found to suicide?

A

Social bond with others.

43
Q

What are the 3 types of suicide that Durkheim discussed? Explain each type

A

Egostical -> Little bond with others
Anomic -> Lost job
Altruistic -> Willig to die for someone

44
Q

Why does social stability results?

A

Groups induce their members to conform.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of Primary Groups?

A

They have intrinsic value
Strong influence of behavior
Long lasting

46
Q

What is important for a group’s stability?

A

Group Size

47
Q

What is Anomie?

A

A state of normlessness

48
Q

In the U.S., what is the biggest subgroup living in poverty?

A

Children

49
Q

What is social capital?

A

Networks with others

50
Q

What does feminization of poverty refers to?

A

Training with single females with children living in poverty.

51
Q

What did C. Wright Mills insisted about power in the United States?

A

The power elite, power is concentrated in a small group.

52
Q

What are the two types of vertical social mobility? Explain each type.

A

Intergenerational -> Vertical mobility from one generation to the next within the same family

Intragenerational -> Vertical mobility within a person’s own lifetime.

53
Q

Define Social Stratification

A

Rankings of people in society based on value resource they have.

54
Q

What is conspicuous consumption?

A

Individuals will do good things and we will see and respect them.

55
Q

According to Karl Marx, what is a class consciousness?

A

A shared awareness in a means of their poor status in the means of production.

56
Q

What does a Lifestyle include? If we become millionaires, will our Lifestyle automatically change? Why or why not?

A

One’s attitude, values, beliefs, and behavior problems. Winning monney will not let us buy a completely new life style.

57
Q

What do Power Pluralism Theorists argue about?

A

They argue that power is not held exclusively

Sociology 101 (2 decks)

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