Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anthropology 101 > mid-term > Flashcards

mid-term Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anthropology

A

study of mankind; study of the full scope of human diversity and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another; all people in all times in all places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anthropology’s scope

A

topical, geographic, temporal; holistic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

topical scope

A

topics studied: sociology, political science, economics, psychology, religious studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

geographic scope

A

areas studies: every part of the world; global perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

temporal scope

A

time studied: understand modern people and development of our species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

holistic approach

A

fundamental principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

holism

A

commitment to consider the full scope of human life, including culture, biology, history, and language across space and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ethnocentrism

A

belief that one’s own culture or way of life is normal, natural and superior to the beliefs and practices of others; moving beyond it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

avoiding ethnocentrism

A

constantly maintain cultural awareness; identifying and eliminating idea that their own culture is the only right one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

four fields of anthropology

A

physical, archaeology, cultural, linguistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

physical anthropology

A

study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

paleoanthropology

A

study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

primatology

A

study of both nonhuman primate and primate fossils; perspective on the behavior our closest living relatives and ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

archaeology

A

investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts; excavation of tools, weapons, pottery, and preserved plant, shell and human/animal remains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

study of human language in the past and present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of linguistic anthropology

A

descriptive, historical, sociolinguistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cultural anthropology

A

study of modern people’s communities, behavior, beliefs and institutions,including how people make meaning as they live work and play together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ethnographic fieldwork

A

on location research; a primary research strategy involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

participant observation

A

research strategy of participation in and observation of the daily life of those studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

applied anthropology

A

knowledge and methods to solve specific real world problems often working directly with communities and institutions throughout the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

globalization

A

worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people and ideas within and across national borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

globalization and anthropology

A

time space compression, flexible accumulation; increasing migration; uneven development, rapid change, adapting to the natural world, shaping the natural world, humans and climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

biological culture

A

a medium of nutrients that maximize the growth of a micro-organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

culture in the humanities

A

cultivation of the mind and aesthetic sensibilities; art music theater dance literature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

culture

A

system of knowledge beliefs patterns of behavior artifacts and institutions that are created learned and shared by a group of people; blue print for living; learned, taught, shared, symbolic and material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

enculturated

A

process of learning a particular culture; norms, values, symbols, mental maps of reality, material objects; structures of power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

learned behavior

A

in all mammals; primates have the greatest ability for learning and teaching behavior; social grooming; tool use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

symbols

A

anything that signifies something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

language

A

one of the most important cultural symbols we use as humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cultural relativism

A

understanding a group’s beliefs and practices within their own cultural context without making judments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

early evolutionary frameworks

A

1850s-1900s; Edward Tylor, james frazer, lewis henry morgan, Charles darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

American historical particularism

A

1880s-1940s; franz boas; ruth benedict; Margaret mead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

british structural functionalism

A

1920s-1960s; bronislaw Malinowski; e e evans Pritchard; victor turner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

culture and meaning

A

1950s-present; Clifford geerts;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

interpretivist approach

A

focus on symbolism and meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

hegemony

A

ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

agency

A

potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, symbols, mental maps of realty, institutions and structures of power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

nature

A

biological/evolutionary needs resulted in human difference over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

nurture

A

cultural patterns, beliefs and how we are raised shape human difference and how we perceive one another over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ethnographic fieldwork

A

involving living with a community over an extended period of time; people; observing and examining the daily lives of a community, participating in the same activities; speaking directly with community members about life and issues important to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

franz boas

A

1880-1940; salvage ethnography- rapidly collect cultural material linguistic and biological info about us native populations being devastated by western expansion , 4 field approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

bronislaw malinowski

A

1900-1940; participant observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

e.e evans pritchard

A

1920s-1960s; social anthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Margaret mead

A

1920s-1960s; public anthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

fieldwork step 1

A

must begin with detailed off-site preparation; what is y research question, what site will best address this question; communicate in advance the nature, purpose and potential impact of the planned study o research participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

literature review

A

read all available published material about a research site and or research issues; learn new language; making contact; securing funding; gaining permissions to conduct the study and protect those being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

fieldwork step 2

A

ethnographic fieldwork; surveys, mapping, kinship/social network analysis; photography/film; informed consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

quantitative data

A

statistical or measurable info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

qualitative data

A

non statistical info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

key informants

A

a community member who advises the anthropologist on community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

informal interviews

A

an unstructured, open ended conversation in everyday life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

formal interviews

A

structured question/answer sessions carefully notated as it occurs and based on prepared questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

culture shock

A

a sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelming new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered every day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

fieldwork step 3

A

analyzing; protect the identities if individuals if requested or needed by ensuring anonymity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

fieldwork step 4

A

results must be reported, often as an ethnography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

polyvocality

A

use of multiple voices/perspectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

reflexivity

A

self-reflection and identification of biases in research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

tone and style

A

know your audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

ethnographic authority

A

honesty in research and experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

ethical guidelines

A

do no harm, obtain informed consent, ensure anonymity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

changes is process

A

travel, communication and technology all make fieldwork contact and interaction more rapid than ever before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

changes in content

A

seek out and ask new questions in our rapidly changing global world

63
Q

earliest spoken language

A

2.5 mya; 200,000 years ago

64
Q

descriptive linguistics

A

study of sounds, symbols and gestures of a language and their combination into forms that communicate meaning; phonology, morphology, syntax, grammar

65
Q

phonology

A

study of what sounds exist and which ones are important for a particular language

66
Q

phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning

67
Q

morphology

A

study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine to make morphemes

68
Q

morphemes

A

smallest units of sounds that carry meaning on their own

69
Q

syntax

A

specific patterns and rules for constructing phrases and sentences

70
Q

grammar

A

combined sets of observations about the rule governing the formation of morphemes and syntax that guide language use

71
Q

gesture call system

A

body movements noises and tine of voice that accompany language

72
Q

kinesics

A

study of the relationship between body movements and communication

73
Q

parlanguage

A

extensive set of noises and tones of voice that convey significant info about the speaker

74
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

idea that different languages create different ways of thinkin

75
Q

sociolinguistics

A

study of ways culture shapes language and language shapes culture particularly the intersection of language and systems of power

76
Q

dialects

A

a nonstandard variation of language

77
Q

prestige language

A

particular way of speaking that is associated with wealth, success education and pwer

78
Q

code switching

A

switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cntext

79
Q

historical linguistics

A

study of development of language over time, including its changes and variations

80
Q

globalization on language

A

diminishing diversity; language loss; language revitalization

81
Q

genotype

A

inherited genetic factors that provided the framework for an organism’s physical form

82
Q

phenotype

A

genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors

83
Q

colonialism

A

practice by which a nation state extends political economic and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time o secure access to raw materials cheap labor and markets in other countries or regions

84
Q

racism

A

complex system of power that draws on the culturally constructed categories of race to rank people as superior or inferior and to differentially allocate access to power privilege resources and opportunities

85
Q

individual racism

A

personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race

86
Q

institutional racism

A

patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions policies and systems

87
Q

racial ideology

A

a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable rational and normal

88
Q

white privilege

A

advantages and power conferred systematically an differentially on one group over others

89
Q

ethnicity

A

a sense of historical cultural and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group

90
Q

assimilation

A

the process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and ceases to exists as separate groups

91
Q

multiculturalism

A

pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture

92
Q

prehistoric archaeology

A

reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past before written records through the examination of artifacts

93
Q

historic archaeology

A

the exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records

94
Q

ethnology

A

the analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures

95
Q

time-space compression

A

rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies that transforms the way people think about space and time

96
Q

flexible accumulation

A

use of innovative communication and transportation technologies to enable companies to be flexible about their production process in order to accumulate greater profits

97
Q

increasing migration

A

accelerated movement of people within and between countries

98
Q

uneven development

A

the unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization

99
Q

rapid change

A

dramatic transformations of economics politics and culture characteristic of contemporary globalization

100
Q

climate change

A

global warming produced primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by human activity such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation

101
Q

norms

A

ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people

102
Q

values

A

fundamental beliefs about what is important true or beautiful and what makes a good life

103
Q

mental maps of reality

A

cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist and the assignment of meaning to those classifications

104
Q

unilineal cultural evolution

A

theory proposed by 19th century anthropologists that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex

105
Q

historical particularism

A

attributed to franz boas that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories

106
Q

structural functionalism

A

each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium

107
Q

interpretivist approach

A

sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning

108
Q

power

A

ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence

109
Q

stratification

A

uneven distribution of resourced and privileges among participants in a group or culture

110
Q

cosmopolitanism

A

global outlook emerging in response to increasing globalization

111
Q

anthropologist’s toolkit

A

tools needed to conduct fieldwork, including notebook pen camera voice recorder and dictionary

112
Q

rapport

A

relationships of trust and familiarity developed with members of the community being studied

113
Q

life history

A

traces the biography of a person over time examining changes and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community

114
Q

survey

A

information gathering tool for quantitative data analysis

115
Q

kinship analysis

A

traditional strategy of examining genealogies to uncover the relationships built upon structures such as marriage and family ties

116
Q

social network analysis

A

examine relationships in a community often conducted by identifying who people turn to in times of needs

117
Q

field notes

A

written observations and reflections on places practices events and interviews

118
Q

mapping

A

analysis of the physical and or geographic space where fieldwork is being conducted

119
Q

built environment

A

features of human settlements including buildings transportation and public service infrastructure and public spaces

120
Q

zeros

A

elements of a story that are not told or seen and yet offer key insights into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly

121
Q

mutual transformation

A

potential for both the anthropologist and members being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork

122
Q

emic

A

gathering data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world

123
Q

etic

A

local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologists perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures

124
Q

informed consent

A

key strategy for protecting those being studies by ensuring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate

125
Q

anonymity

A

protecting the identities of people involved in a study by changing their names of other identifying characteristics

126
Q

productivity

A

the linguistic ability to use known words to invent new word combinations

127
Q

displacement

A

use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events occurring in the past or future

128
Q

lexicon

A

all the words for names ideas and events that make up a language’s dictionary

129
Q

focal vocabulary

A

words that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people

130
Q

language continuum

A

idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance so that people who live near one another speak in a way that mutually intelligible

131
Q

language loss

A

extinction of languages that have very few speakers

132
Q

digital natives

A

generation of people born after 1980 who have been raised in a digital age

133
Q

race

A

flawed system of classification no biological basis that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

134
Q

white supremacy

A

belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

135
Q

jim crow

A

laws implemented after the us civil war to legally enforce segregation particularly in the south after the end of slavery

136
Q

hypodescent

A

one drop blood rule the assignment of children of racially mixed unions to the subordinate group

137
Q

nativism

A

favoring native inhabitants over new immigrants

138
Q

eugenics

A

prove existence of separate human races to improve population’s genetic composition by favoring some races over others

139
Q

racialization

A

categorize differentiate and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people

140
Q

ethnicity

A

sense of historical cultural and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagine to be distinct from those outside the group

141
Q

origin myth

A

story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity

142
Q

ethnic boundary marker

A

practice- food clothing language shared name or religion- used to signify who is in a group and who is not

143
Q

genocide

A

deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group

144
Q

situational negotiation of identity

A

self identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location

145
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

efforts to remove another group in a particular geographic area

146
Q

melting pot

A

process of immigrant assimilation into us dominant culture

147
Q

assimilation

A

minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups

148
Q

multiculturalism

A

new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain and ethnic culture

149
Q

state

A

regional structure of political economic and military rule

150
Q

nation state

A

political entity, population shares a sense of culture ancestry and destiny as a people

151
Q

nation

A

group of people who shared a place of origin

152
Q

nationalism

A

desire of an ethnic community to create and or maintain a nation state

153
Q

imagined community

A

invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet

anthropology 101 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions