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1
Q

sexuality

A

universal; complex; not easily defined or agreed upon; complex range of desires beliefs and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact intimacy and pleasure; cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right appropriate and natural

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2
Q

is human sexuality natural

A

underlying idea that it is natural; includes distinct physiological processes and sex has an obvious biological function when it comes to reproduction

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3
Q

what is natural about sexuality

A

biological components; take it far beyond simple intercourse for the means of reproduction; cultural norms and values have a strong impact on sexual behavior

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4
Q

sexuality and culture

A

as part of enculturation taught about sexuality; instructed on sex by families, schools, religious organizations, governments, and popular culture; cultural institutions have a big impact on sexual behaviors

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5
Q

global perspective on sexuality

A

western culture has hug influence on the world, due to popular culture like movies and television; cultures around the world hold significant different views

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6
Q

role of culture in sex

A

practices vary widely throughout the world

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7
Q

sexuality constructed in us

A

binary- people can be either heterosexual or homosexual; identities are seen as largely fixed and unchanging; categories that are absolute in us, more flexible in other cultures around the world; the traditional binary view is cultural construct and not biological fact

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8
Q

heterosexuality

A

attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex

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9
Q

homosexuality

A

attraction and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex

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10
Q

bisexuality

A

attraction to and sexual relations with members of both sexes

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11
Q

asexuality

A

a lack of erotic attraction to others

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12
Q

power influence sexuality

A

often manipulated in cultural power struggles; *governments routinely pass laws regarding sexuality- who can legally marry, legalizing or blocking practices such as polygamy or incest- as well as defining legal boundaries for sexuality by outlawing prostitution and legalizing pornography; forever intermixed with power

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13
Q

globalization influence sexuality

A

substantial effect; european and american governments are dominating influences on local cultures through both colonialism and the forces of globalization; enforced new ideas about sexuality; *long distance sexual relationships to sex tourism can be forced

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14
Q

sexual violence

A

violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape

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15
Q

sex tourism

A

travel usually organized through the tourism sector to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents

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16
Q

sex work

A

labor through which one provides sexual services for money

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17
Q

are men and women born or made

A

accustomed to thinking that men and women have inherent or innate natures; often sex and gender are used interchangeably but refer to two different things; biological differences seen as being associated with behavioral differences; male and female have expected cultural roles that extend to everything from communication strategies to proper activities

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18
Q

what is sex

A

observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological expressions related to human reproduction; * genitalia, gonads and chromosome patterns

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19
Q

gender

A

expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes

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20
Q

gender roles

A

the anticipated cultural roles of the individual sexes; studied in different cultures not universal; significant fluidity between true biological difference and what is cultural construction; masculine, feminine or combo of both or something different

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21
Q

cultural construct

A

what gender is; children are enculturated they learn what kinds of behaviors are perceived as masculine and feminine

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22
Q

performance of gender

A

not fixed, rather an identity that is actively expressed; people make choices in their behavior on a regular basis and those choices include how they express their gender identity

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23
Q

gender performance

A

the way gender identity is expressed through action

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24
Q

a theory of five sexes

A

possible interplay of the three biological factors that create what we think of as biological sex, there is a broad range of possibilities between what is male and what is female; 1.7 percent of children born in the us do not neatly fit into our idealized notions of male and female

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25
Q

intersexual

A

an individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia gonads and/or chromosomes

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26
Q

transgender

A

a gender identity or performance that oes not fit with cultural norms related to one’s assigned sex at birth

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27
Q

gender diverse cultures of the world

A

many societies incorporate more than 2 genders;

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28
Q

navajo two spirits

A

individuals who encompass masculine and feminine identities in one person; often revered with high prestige and status

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29
Q

gender and power

A

women face challenges- 60% of the world’s poorest citizens; women 15-25 are contracting hiv/aids 3 times higher than men the same age; less that 16% government officials are women; 1 in 4 women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime

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30
Q

gender stratification

A

an unequal distribution of power and access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights and privileges based on gender

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31
Q

gender stereotype

A

a preconceived notion about the attributes of differences between and proper roles for men and women in a culture

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32
Q

gender ideology

A

a set of cultural ideas usually stereotypical about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

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33
Q

challenging gender ideologies and stratification

A

in the face of ideologies that undervalue women, many women and men around the world have begun to work for cultural changes; these are ways in which norms and values can be changed; eventually both can find a state of equality

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34
Q

why is kinship important

A

used as the basis for organizing and classifying people; rely on for support stability and survival throughout our lives as humans

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35
Q

kinship

A

cultural system that defines familial relationships and obligations; family; cultures often conceive of family in very different ways; the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations rights and responsibilities

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36
Q

related through kinship

A

constructed throughout the world by tracing genealogical descent; blood relatives; parents, grandparents, great grandparents, aunts, uncle, cousins

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37
Q

consanguineal relationship

A

established through biology or blood relatedness

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38
Q

affinal relationship

A

a kinship relationship established through marriage not through biology or descent

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39
Q

descent groups

A

a kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguineal ‘blood’ relatives; however not all societies trace descent in the same manner

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40
Q

lineage

A

type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor

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41
Q

clan

A

descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation

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42
Q

unilineal descent

A

descent groups that trace descent through only one ancestral line; mothers side or fathers side only

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43
Q

matrilineal

A

tracing descent through the mothers side of the family only

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44
Q

patrilineal

A

tracing descent through the fathers side of the family only

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45
Q

ambilineal descent

A

descent groups that trace descent through both the mothers and fathers side of the family

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46
Q

graphic kinship and descent

A

circle- female; triangle- male; equal sign- marriage; vertical line- descent/offspring; upside down squared u- sibling bond

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47
Q

marriage

A

a socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

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48
Q

marriage occur throughout the world

A

westerners today are conditioned to think of it as an issue of love; not sole motivators for marriage; many cultures view as valuable kinship relationship that is rooted in mutual economic support, child rearing, and exclusive sexual access to marriage partners among many others

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49
Q

companionate marriage

A

built on love intimacy and personal choice rather than social obligation

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50
Q

arranged marriage

A

orchestrated by the families of the involved parties

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51
Q

monogamy

A

relationship between only two partners; varies widely throughout the world; most common from of marriage worldwide

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52
Q

serial monogamy

A

a marriage form whereby an individual marries a series of partners in succession; most common north america and other large scale industrial societies esp middle and upper classes

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53
Q

polygamy

A

form of marriage with one individual having multiple spouses at the same time

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54
Q

polygyny

A

marriage between one man and two or more women; most common form of polygamy; most common north central africa, middle east, and south east asia

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55
Q

polyandry

A

marriage between one woman and two or more men; few societies practice; most common in isolated rural regions of india, sri lanka, nepal and tibet

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56
Q

incest taboo

A

all cultures have some form; majority of cultures regard any sexual contact within the nuclear family (parents and their children) as incest

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57
Q

incest

A

cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives; what qualifies as ‘close relative’ varies throughout the world

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58
Q

origins of incest taboo- biologically

A

those raised together have an instinctive aversion to mating with one another; biologically adaptive- helping to prevent the negative effects of inbreeding

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59
Q

origins of taboo- cuturally

A

cultural means to preserve the stability/integrity of the family; helping to reduce competition and disorder within the family

60
Q

exogamy

A

marriage to someone outside of the kinship group

61
Q

endogamy

A

marriage to someone within the kinship group

62
Q

bridewealth

A

the gift of goods or money from the grooms family to the brides family as part of the marriage process

63
Q

dowry

A

the gift of goods or money from the brides family to the grooms family as part of the marriage process

64
Q

biology and marriage

A

kinship does not always require biology; many practice fictive kinship- take on kinship roles despite no actual biological connection’ kinship like relationships are often built outside of descent and marriage

65
Q

class and inequality

A

middle class synonymous with an idea of a comfortable living; class is more than simply making more or less money than others; extreme forms seen today are a very recent addition to the human story

66
Q

class

A

a system of power based on wealth income and status that creates an unequal distribution of a societys resources; differential access to wealth, income and social status ultimately results in some people having more power; we make assumptions about people based on their perceived class and this becomes a significant factor in our daily lives

67
Q

achieved status

A

social position established and changeable during a person’s lifetime

68
Q

ascribed status

A

social position inherited assigned at birth and passed down to generation to generation with enforced boundaries

69
Q

egalitarian society

A

a group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence; all human societies until about 10,00 years ago; communal sharing and exchange are emphasized among egalitarian societies-reciprocity; status differences are minimal and based on personal achievement

70
Q

ranked society

A

wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are; forms of prestige and status are stratified into set classes; some people have greater access to prestige than other, but economic wealth still remains relatively egalitarian; positions of leadership (chiefs) who redistribute wealth among people through gift giving

71
Q

reciprocity

A

exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status-meant to create and reinforce social ties

72
Q

redistribution

A

a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

73
Q

stratified society

A

group where people are hierarchically ordered into classes that share unequal access to prestige status and wealth; inequality among people is the most pronounced among stratifies societies like the united states; most recent

74
Q

karl marx

A

1801-1882; bourgeoisie, proletariat, means of production

75
Q

max weber

A

1864-1920; prestige; life chances

76
Q

pierre bourdieu

A

1930-2002; social mobility; social reproduction; habitus; cultural capital

77
Q

leith mullings

A

present day; intersectionality

78
Q

constructed in the united states

A

tendency to view themselves as part of a classless society; ideology to think that anyone can succeed and advance by their own merit; pull themselves up by their own bootstraps; but ideologies do not always match realities

79
Q

income

A

what people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments; 2010, average household income was 50,000/yr; of all earned- 21.3% of all income went to only 5% of population; 3.3% went to the lowest earning 20% of the population

80
Q

wealth

A

defined not by money brought in each year but instead on goods owned; 2009- 35.6% of nations wealth is controlled by just 1% of the population; 80% of the population controlled just 12.8% of nations wealth;creates opportunity; access has a greater effect on issues of prestige habitus and life chances; disproportionate access to wealth creates disproportionate access to cultural power and influence

81
Q

downward mobility

A

responsible for our own fates; downplays any possible existence of structural failings such as a lack of good jobs or structural racism that prevents certain people from getting good jobs; katherine newman challenges meritocracy- that those who work hard succeed and those who fail are lazy; found that hard work is not always enough to get ahead in american society

82
Q

roots of poverty

A

richest countries; want to blame poverty on poor; others argue that structural economic problems restrict the life chances of the poor-that poverty breeds poverty

83
Q

culture of poverty

A

idea that those who are poor have adopted a culture that ensures the continuation of that poverty; people become lazy or dependent on governement assistance and they are thus unable to break out of poverty; poverty as a structural economic problem; structural inequality

84
Q

largely invisible

A

class and inequality rampant but invisible to many americans; three factors of visibility of inequality- role of the media, voluntary isolation; consumer culture

85
Q

caste

A

involves levels of social hierarchy with those on top having better access to economic cultural and political power; entirely ascribed; downward or upward mobility allowed

86
Q

traditional hindu caste system

A

brahman; kshatriya; vaisya; sudra; untouchables or dalits

87
Q

open class societies

A

societies that permit movement among classes

88
Q

closed class societies

A

societies that do not permit movement among classes

89
Q

global inequality

A

increasing at a rapid rate; 40% of world population lives in poverty; 1/6 in extreme poverty; 2% owns more than half of all wealth; 1 out 8 go hungry each day

90
Q

economy

A

a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and to thrive; not defined by money; key stages- production, distribution, consumption

91
Q

production

A

includes how necessary goods are produced

92
Q

distribution

A

includes how produced goods are distributed among the people who need them

93
Q

consumption

A

final stage of an economy usually a little more straightforward

94
Q

food production

A

complex interactions between the environment of a society and their cultural food-getting technologies

95
Q

food foraging

A

extractive food getting technology that is designed to take from the environment as it is found; hunting fishing gathering; 250,000 modern; marginal environments- deserts, tropical forest artic

96
Q

food producing

A

productive food getting technology that seeks to actively enhance and refine the environment to increase food quality and yields; pastoralism horticulture agriculture

97
Q

mixed strategies

A

many societies mix strategies

98
Q

hunting

A

dominant human subsistence activity for 99% of history

99
Q

gathering

A

70% of food foraging

100
Q

pastoralism

A

domestication of animals;

101
Q

nomadic pastoralism

A

a migratory pattern that varies from year to year involving whole community movement

102
Q

transhumance pastoralism

A

a cyclical pattern of migrations that usually shift seasonally in which herder move with the animals while others remain home

103
Q

horticulture

A

cultivation of plants for subsistence through non-intensive use of land and labor; cannot support a larger population

104
Q

slash and burn agriculture

A

clearing land for cultivation in tropical settings

105
Q

agriculture

A

intensive; permanently cultivated land; limited number of crops; large amounts produced; development of towns and cities; complex division of labor including public management and taxation; concept of private ownership; emergence of classes and inequality

106
Q

industrial agriculture

A

intensive farming involving mechanization and mass production; north america, europe and asia

107
Q

reciprocity

A

the exchange of resourced goods and services among people of relatively equal status

108
Q

generalized reciprocity

A

a mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated nor is the time of repayment specified; involves no record keeping, parties assumes that exchanges will balance out; occurs most often among close kin or friends, creates strong social ties and relationships; unselfish gift-giving to family and friends; stopping to help an unknown person in need; food sharing in foraging societies

109
Q

balanced reciprocity

A

mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods or services and the time of their delivery; form of record keeping, gifts often repaid within a set time limit and are of similar values; occurs most often among close kin or friends; creates strong social ties and relationships; holiday gift giving, birthday gift giving, hosting a wedding or baby shower, picking up the tab for food or drinks

110
Q

negative reciprocity

A

a mode of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible; unequal exchange, hard bargaining, manipulation, cheating or theft; occurs most often among those not closely related; buying a car; political fundraising; price gouging; paying special attention to someone get ahead

111
Q

redistribution

A

a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern; requires some form of government or political organization. goods gathered into storehouses controlled by a leader; handed out again;

112
Q

market exchange

A

the buying and selling of land natural resources goods services labor and ideas often with prices set by rules of supply and demand; earliest markets- barter system; developed the mediums of exchange for transaction have gradually become more standarized; end result is monetary exchange system used today

113
Q

power and politics

A

essential dynamic of human relationships; inherent in virtually every human interaction and in all cultural systems; study of politics is the study of how we organize and regulate power; every act of power is either carried out within political systems or contrary to political systems

114
Q

power

A

ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence

115
Q

political structures

A

1950s developed political anthropology; focused on the many ways in which politics and power are organized in societies throughout the world; great diversity in political structure across the globe- ranging from simple to complex and from hierarchical to heterarchical

116
Q

elman service

A

classified political systems- bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

117
Q

bands

A

make up the smallest and simplest form of political organization among human societies; very small population size; food foraging; social organization based on kinship ties and egalitarianism; flexible power structures based on communal decisions; flexible leadership with no single leader or ruler

118
Q

tribes

A

small population 100s-1000s; horticulture and pastoralism social organization based villages and kinship groups; flexible power structures based on communal decisions/egalitarianism; some leaders may emerge, but power is limited

119
Q

chiefdoms

A

mark a significant change in human political structures to a more complex form of organization; larger population; food production; composed of multiple villages organized around a primary political center; fixed power structures based on heredity and hierarchial decision making; social stratification is common; political structure is centralized into single politcal authority; permanent and inherited at birth as chief; not stable as a state

120
Q

state

A

an autonomous regional structure of political economic and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory; most common form of political organization in the world; very large population; intensive industrial agriculture; social organization is often removed from kinship and focused instead on nationalism; fixed power structures based on hierarchy and social stratification; firmly entrenched and bureaucratized; gained a life of its own;

121
Q

boundaries

A

very important components of the political structure

122
Q

political power

A

power to make laws and control the population is also tightly controlled;

123
Q

hegemonic power

A

power to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force

124
Q

violence

A

humans are naturally violent- instinct acquired via evolution; humans are not violent but violence arises through cultural practices; the roots of violent behavior lie between nature and culture both influence our behaviors

125
Q

frans de waal

A

worked to resolve the issue of violence among humans by studying violence among our closest primate relatives; summarize that conflict itself may be inevitable; we have more to lose than gain by maintaining a state of perpetual violence; witnessed reconcilation among primates far more often than violence

126
Q

nonstate actors

A

any coherent group that is outside of state control and has amassed enough power to rival or at least influence state entities; civil society organizations have become increasingly common and influential

127
Q

civil society organizations

A

a local nongovernmenal organization that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities; activist organizations; amnesty international, doctors without borders, human rights watch; powerful forces of advocacy around the globe

128
Q

social movement

A

collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies; people may gain influence against the power of the state; seek to influence its behavior

129
Q

religion

A

extremely diverse around the world; set of beliefs based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be often revealed through insights into a supernatural power and lived out in a community

130
Q

religious variation

A

local expressions of religions find that they do not match our broader conceptions of what that particular religion should look like; interest in local practice not theology scripture or histories

131
Q

martyr

A

a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of religion

132
Q

saint

A

an individual who is considered exceptionally close to God and is exalted after death

133
Q

pilgimage

A

religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment

134
Q

emile durkleim

A

1880s-1920; sacred and profane, religious ritual

135
Q

victor turner

A

1940-1960; rites of passage- 3stages, pilgrimage

136
Q

karl marx

A

1840-1880; relationship of religion, economy, and power

137
Q

max weber

A

1880s-1920s; relationship or religion and capitalism

138
Q

sacred

A

anything that is considered holy

139
Q

profane

A

anything that is not considered holy

140
Q

ritual

A

an act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging

141
Q

rites of passage

A

a category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or a group

142
Q

shamanism

A

represents one of the simplest forms of religion found on the planet; focused around individual religious practitioners known as shamans; special and personal connection with supernatural powers or beings; predominantly found in simple cultures resembling bands or tribes

143
Q

shaman

A

a part time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings; must enter into a trance state to communicate with the supernatural; methods of achieving trance- fasting/deprivation, meditation, ritual dancing/drumming, hallucinogenic drug use; after trance can see interact and impose their will onto spirits; heal the sick, change the weather, control animals/plants, foretell the future, harm enemies

144
Q

magic

A

ability to bring about change through supernatural action or supernatural influence; the use of spells, incantations, words and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways- for good or for evil

145
Q

evans pritchard

A

argued that instead that magic and witchcraft only appear inconsistent and irrational when they are arranged like museum objects on a shelf and examined outside the context of daily life; found that witchcraft a central element of daily life

146
Q

imitative magic

A

a ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desired magical result

147
Q

contagious magic

A

ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person

anthropology 101 (2 decks)

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