Mid Term Flashcards
Induction
Observe CASE and RESULT,
then infer a RULE that would predict future results in similar cases
these beans are from this bag)
these beans in my hand are white)
RULE (the beans in the bag are white)
Abduction
Seek relevant RULE, then imagine CASE that would imply the RESULT
RESULT = evidence of fish in fossil here in the desert
RULE = fish swim in large bodies of water
Where did this rule come from?
gills, aquariums, fins, etc….
CASE = At some point in time the ocean must have washed over this land
Deduction
Apply a RULE to a CASE, generate the necessary RESULT
Apply a RULE
beans in the bag are white, theses beans are from the bag, therefore the beans in my hand will be white.
What is the books that Hobbes writes?
Leviathan
Where does our thoughts come from according to Hobbes?
Our Senses
Where does the thought of imagination come from according to Hobbes?
His theory is Based on the principle off INERTIA. Once something is set in motion. it will continue to move unless something interferes with it.
Motions in the body(senses organs, internal organs, nervous system) continue after initial events that produce sense impressions
Imagination is based off sense impressions
Evolution of writing 3 things
Logographic–
Syllabic —
Alphabetic—
What is the definition of reason?
the mind uses it own abilities to create a new idea about the world (produce knowledge)
Descartes discourse on method is to?
of rightly conducting one’s reason and seeking the truth in the sciences
Descartes position on Philosophy?
“there is no point in it which is not disputed and hence doubtful.”
Descartes positon on Sciences?
“as they borrow their principles from philosophy I decided that nothing solid could have been built upon such shaky foundations.
Descartes on Arcitiect?
“Ancient cities which have gradually grown from mere villages into large towns are usually ill-proportioned, compared with orderly towns which planners lay out as they fancy on level ground.”
Syllogism
an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn
Major premise: All humans are mortal Minor premise: Socrates is a human
Conclusion: Socrates is mortal
What is Descartes method
The Method
- Never accept anything as true without EVIDENT KNOWLEDGE, i.e. CLEAR and DISTINCT to the mind.
- Divide difficulties into parts to examine them more carefully. (Analysis)
- Direct one’s thoughts in an orderly manner
- Complete enumerations and reviews to be sure that nothing is left out.
Descarte on sense
our sense sometimes deceive us, I decided to suppose that nothing was such as they led us to imagine.”
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Descartes first principle of philosophy? Cogito, Ergo Sum
“I am thinking….” and then: “therefore, I exist.”
Descartes general rule?
“… the things we conceive very clearly and very distinctly are all true …”
Descartes on deduction?
a continuous and uninterrupted movement of thought in which each individual proposition is clearly intuited.”
Descartes on God?
Descartes is not relying on a definition (or traditional conception) of God but instead an innate rational idea of a perfect being
Descartes on machines two means of recognizing they were not real men?
The first is that they could never use words … as we do in order to declare our thoughts to others.”
Second, even though such machines might do some things as well as we do them, or perhaps even better, they would inevitable fail in others, which would reveal that they were acting not through understanding but only from the disposition of their organs.”
Universal instrustment according to Descartes?
reason
Explain how dubin explains the muder in poes story?
Dupin is able to generate an “invisible” piece of evidence through his reasoning power alone…..next step, to figure out how they exited and what happened…(absence of motive) is now evidence again for his initial hypothesis – that this is not a case of a HUMAN action….Dupin conducts a kind of “experiment” to test this abductive or hypothetical reasoning.
What does price advocate for in reasoning>
Inductive Reasoning
That is, gathering of facts and histories, and then generalizing them to produce principles.
DEscates on essence of reason
pure intellect
Descartes on deduction
chain of intuitions linked through memory
Hobbes believes what about reason and deduction?
Reason = Deduction = “adding and subtracting words”
What is universal name according to hobbes?
collecting of similar experiences under one common term
This is an example of Inductive Reasoning – similar experiences will repeat if all is equal.
Rousseau on reason? comparison?
comparison of ideas from experience
seeing likeness between two different ideas or collection of ideas
Prierce on inductive reasoning
Learning from experience, predicting future from reasoning about the past
Rousseau general term?
abstract concept represented by a word only.
Prerce on pragmatism?
Thought does not represent Reality.
Thought is an instrument that allows us to solve problems and take action.
Deduction defined
- Deduction: starting somewhere you are led down a series of steps – to a conclusion.
induction defined
- Induction: starting from observation you are lead into a new space – a rule that did not exist beforehand.
abduction defiend
3.Abduction: starting from observation one is led away from the facts to another place altogether – the imagination of a case that would explain the mysterious circumstances.
What is the common wealth according to Hobbes?
… an artificial man, though of greater stature and strength than the natural, for whose protection and defence it was intended …
and in which the sovereignty is an artificial soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body. …”
What is imagination according to Hobbes?
= decaying sense
train of thoughts, or mental discourse, is of two sorts.” what is this according to Hobbes?
first is unguided, without design and
second is more constant, as being regulated by some desire, and design.”
What is the challenge for hobbes?
to explain this critical distinction between animal and human, without introducing any new principle, e.g., a “rational faculty,” or divinely
created intellect/soul.``
The use of speech according to hobbes?
to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of thoughts into a train of words …”
Two kinds of names hobbes introduces?
Proper/universal
What is reason accordding to hobbes?
is nothing but reckoning (that is, adding and subtracting) of the consequences of general names agreed upon for he marking and signifying of our thoughts
Hobbes solution for permeant peace?
ALL give up their powers (their means of violence, their right to do what is best for them) to a SOVEREIGN (highest authority) who will guarantee peace throughout the community, and defend it in war against enemy attacks.
What question does reasseau try to answer?
“What is the origin of inequality among men, and is it authorized by natural law?”
What is natural law according to Rousseau?
a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct.”
What is Rousseaus 2 challenges?
the first principles prior to Reason are:
- intense interest in our well-being and our self-preservation.
- natural repugnance to seeing any sentient Being, and especially any being like ourselves, perish or suffer.
What does does Rousseau do in his writings ?
He takes humans to natural state to try to answer where equality comes from… It comes from when society is started What and people working equally the one earned much while the other had trouble of staying alive….Natural inequality now matters for survival
What does Hobbes want everyone to understand?
Sovereignty will solve all and can give peace to all…
