Mid Term

Question 1

Induction

Answer 1

Observe CASE and RESULT,
then infer a RULE that would predict future results in similar cases

these beans are from this bag)
these beans in my hand are white)
RULE (the beans in the bag are white)

Question 2

Abduction

Answer 2

Seek relevant RULE, then imagine CASE that would imply the RESULT

RESULT = evidence of fish in fossil here in the desert
RULE = fish swim in large bodies of water
Where did this rule come from?
gills, aquariums, fins, etc….
CASE = At some point in time the ocean must have washed over this land

Question 3

Deduction

Answer 3

Apply a RULE to a CASE, generate the necessary RESULT
Apply a RULE

beans in the bag are white, theses beans are from the bag, therefore the beans in my hand will be white.

Question 4

What is the books that Hobbes writes?

Answer 4

Leviathan

Question 5

Where does our thoughts come from according to Hobbes?

Answer 5

Our Senses

Question 6

Where does the thought of imagination come from according to Hobbes?

Answer 6

His theory is Based on the principle off INERTIA. Once something is set in motion. it will continue to move unless something interferes with it.
Motions in the body(senses organs, internal organs, nervous system) continue after initial events that produce sense impressions

Imagination is based off sense impressions

Question 7

Evolution of writing 3 things

Answer 7

Logographic–
Syllabic —
Alphabetic—

Question 8

What is the definition of reason?

Answer 8

the mind uses it own abilities to create a new idea about the world (produce knowledge)

Question 9

Descartes discourse on method is to?

Answer 9

of rightly conducting one’s reason and seeking the truth in the sciences

Question 10

Descartes position on Philosophy?

Answer 10

“there is no point in it which is not disputed and hence doubtful.”

Question 11

Descartes positon on Sciences?

Answer 11

“as they borrow their principles from philosophy I decided that nothing solid could have been built upon such shaky foundations.

Question 12

Descartes on Arcitiect?

Answer 12

“Ancient cities which have gradually grown from mere villages into large towns are usually ill-proportioned, compared with orderly towns which planners lay out as they fancy on level ground.”

Question 13

Syllogism

Answer 13

an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn

Major premise: All humans are mortal Minor premise: Socrates is a human
Conclusion: Socrates is mortal

Question 14

What is Descartes method

Answer 14

The Method

1. Never accept anything as true without EVIDENT KNOWLEDGE, i.e. CLEAR and DISTINCT to the mind.
2. Divide difficulties into parts to examine them more carefully. (Analysis)
3. Direct one’s thoughts in an orderly manner
4. Complete enumerations and reviews to be sure that nothing is left out.

Question 15

Descarte on sense

Answer 15

our sense sometimes deceive us, I decided to suppose that nothing was such as they led us to imagine.”
1

Question 16

Descartes first principle of philosophy? Cogito, Ergo Sum

Answer 16

“I am thinking….” and then: “therefore, I exist.”

Question 17

Descartes general rule?

Answer 17

“… the things we conceive very clearly and very distinctly are all true …”

Question 18

Descartes on deduction?

Answer 18

a continuous and uninterrupted movement of thought in which each individual proposition is clearly intuited.”

Question 19

Descartes on God?

Answer 19

Descartes is not relying on a definition (or traditional conception) of God but instead an innate rational idea of a perfect being

Question 20

Descartes on machines two means of recognizing they were not real men?

Answer 20

The first is that they could never use words … as we do in order to declare our thoughts to others.”
Second, even though such machines might do some things as well as we do them, or perhaps even better, they would inevitable fail in others, which would reveal that they were acting not through understanding but only from the disposition of their organs.”

Question 21

Universal instrustment according to Descartes?

Answer 21

reason

Question 22

Explain how dubin explains the muder in poes story?

Answer 22

Dupin is able to generate an “invisible” piece of evidence through his reasoning power alone…..next step, to figure out how they exited and what happened…(absence of motive) is now evidence again for his initial hypothesis – that this is not a case of a HUMAN action….Dupin conducts a kind of “experiment” to test this abductive or hypothetical reasoning.

Question 23

What does price advocate for in reasoning>

Answer 23

Inductive Reasoning

That is, gathering of facts and histories, and then generalizing them to produce principles.

Question 24

DEscates on essence of reason

Answer 24

pure intellect

Question 25

Descartes on deduction

Answer 25

chain of intuitions linked through memory

Question 26

Hobbes believes what about reason and deduction?

Answer 26

Reason = Deduction = “adding and subtracting words”

Question 27

What is universal name according to hobbes?

Answer 27

collecting of similar experiences under one common term This is an example of Inductive Reasoning – similar experiences will repeat if all is equal.

Question 28

Rousseau on reason? comparison?

Answer 28

comparison of ideas from experience seeing likeness between two different ideas or collection of ideas

Question 29

Prierce on inductive reasoning

Answer 29

Learning from experience, predicting future from reasoning about the past

Question 30

Rousseau general term?

Answer 30

abstract concept represented by a word only.

Question 31

Prerce on pragmatism?

Answer 31

Thought does not represent Reality. | Thought is an instrument that allows us to solve problems and take action.

Question 32

Deduction defined

Answer 32

1. Deduction: starting somewhere you are led down a series of steps -- to a conclusion.

Question 33

induction defined

Answer 33

2. Induction: starting from observation you are lead into a new space -- a rule that did not exist beforehand.

Question 34

abduction defiend

Answer 34

3.Abduction: starting from observation one is led away from the facts to another place altogether -- the imagination of a case that would explain the mysterious circumstances.

Question 35

What is the common wealth according to Hobbes?

Answer 35

... an artificial man, though of greater stature and strength than the natural, for whose protection and defence it was intended ... and in which the sovereignty is an artificial soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body. ...”

Question 36

What is imagination according to Hobbes?

Answer 36

= decaying sense

Question 37

train of thoughts, or mental discourse, is of two sorts.” what is this according to Hobbes?

Answer 37

first is unguided, without design and | second is more constant, as being regulated by some desire, and design.”

Question 38

What is the challenge for hobbes?

Answer 38

to explain this critical distinction between animal and human, without introducing any new principle, e.g., a “rational faculty,” or divinely created intellect/soul.``

Question 39

The use of speech according to hobbes?

Answer 39

to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of thoughts into a train of words ...”

Question 40

Two kinds of names hobbes introduces?

Answer 40

Proper/universal

Question 41

What is reason accordding to hobbes?

Answer 41

is nothing but reckoning (that is, adding and subtracting) of the consequences of general names agreed upon for he marking and signifying of our thoughts

Question 42

Hobbes solution for permeant peace?

Answer 42

ALL give up their powers (their means of violence, their right to do what is best for them) to a SOVEREIGN (highest authority) who will guarantee peace throughout the community, and defend it in war against enemy attacks.

Question 43

What question does reasseau try to answer?

Answer 43

“What is the origin of inequality among men, and is it authorized by natural law?”

Question 44

What is natural law according to Rousseau?

Answer 44

a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct.”

Question 45

What is Rousseaus 2 challenges?

Answer 45

the first principles prior to Reason are: 1. intense interest in our well-being and our self-preservation. 2. natural repugnance to seeing any sentient Being, and especially any being like ourselves, perish or suffer.

Question 46

What does does Rousseau do in his writings ?

Answer 46

He takes humans to natural state to try to answer where equality comes from... It comes from when society is started What and people working equally the one earned much while the other had trouble of staying alive....Natural inequality now matters for survival

Question 47

What does Hobbes want everyone to understand?

Answer 47

Sovereignty will solve all and can give peace to all...