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GEO 403 > Mid Term 3 Study Guide 403 > Flashcards

Mid Term 3 Study Guide 403 Flashcards

1
Q

In a favored phrasing, the IPCC report states that since the last report in 2014 heatwaves, droughts, wildfires and other extreme events have all in intensity and frequency “f_____ b______ n______ v______.”

A

far beyong natural variability

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2
Q

Briefly, define ‘net-zero’.

A

Carbon emission equal carbon capture

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3
Q

According to the IPCC, what sector is the most important to decarbonize as fast as possible?

A

Power sector

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4
Q

What are the three key policies for cities to pursue reductions in their transport sector emissions levels?

i
ii
iii

A

i. Non-car travel
ii. High density
iii. Electrified transportation

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5
Q

In the Vox video, the graph that breaks down the carbon emissions in the US by sector has what percentages for the following? (28, 28, 21, 14, 12)

Residential _____%
Electricity _____%
Industrial _____%
Transportation _____%
Commercial _____%

A

Residential 14%
Electricity 28%
Industrial 21%
Transportation 28%
Commercial 12%

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6
Q

Provide a succinct definition of ‘tipping point’ as it related to climate change.

A

Threshold passed and irreversible changes

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7
Q

The effects of drought on ecosystems and people are sometimes referred to as H_______________ S_____________.

A

Hydroelectrical Stress

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8
Q

List three of the negative impacts of fires discussed in lecture.

i
ii
iii

A

i. Dispatched animal
ii. Smoke inhalation
iii. Loss of carbon sink

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9
Q

The biggest fear many analysts now concerns the predominance of a few basic crops in the global diet, their geographical concentration of production, and the growing possibility of simultaneous M___________ B___________ F_________.

A

Multiple Breadbasket Failure

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10
Q

With estimates rising, how many people does air pollution kill each year, according to recent research?

A

10 million

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11
Q

What are two other non-GHG related benefits of reducing deforestation and forest degradation?

i.
ii.

A

i. protech fishery
ii. keep soil quality

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12
Q

What was the ‘simple strategy’ at the core of REDD+ ambitious?

A

Rich country pay poor country to protect their forest

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13
Q

(a) Which type of countries pushed to include in the Paris Agreement a separate section on loss and damage? (b) Which country most strongly opposed such a section? (c) And what was the final compromise?

A

a. Small island countries
b. U.S.
c. no legal liability policies

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14
Q

T/F. While often it has had a minimal focus in previous climate agreements, the Paris Agreement articulates a clear commitment to adaption, even calling for ‘a balance’ between investments oriented towards adaptation and mitigation.

A

True

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15
Q

What are two of the key criticisms of the Paris Climate Agreement listed in lecture?

i
ii

A

i. No penalties
ii. Accounting problems

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16
Q

What was the key factor to keep the Paris Agreement intact while the US left the Agreement during the Trump administration?

A

China step up

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17
Q

What are two of the significant signs of progress post-Paris Agreement listed in lecture?

i.
ii.

A

i. Solar and wind energy breakthrough
ii. Electrical vehicle breakthrough

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18
Q

This year’s COP 29 has been called the “F__________ COP.”

A

Finance

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19
Q

Briefly explain the dispute between developed and developing countries over who should bear the burden of climate financing.

A

Developing country think that developed country should pay, but developed country think that larger country like China also need to pay.

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20
Q

What is the nickname of the Amazon, given for its role in the world’s oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle?

A

Lungs of the planet

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21
Q

Explain why the poor in Pakistan have suffering the most from the shake-up in its national energy sector.

A

Poor in Pakistan can’t afford the solar panel and they also can’t afford high prices energy

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22
Q

Forest scientists argue that some of the damage from the fires is due to changes in Portugal’s forest management, including a shift in many areas away from a M____________ landscape towards a M______________.

A

Mosaic, monoculture

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23
Q

T/F. Luckily, in contrast to many poor countries in which post-disaster response is hampered by areas affected by poverty and lack of development, the US response has not struggled to reach any of the places hit by the storm.

A

False

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24
Q

What two countries now consumer the vast majority of the world’s coal?

China
India
Japan
India

A

China & India

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25
Q

Microsoft is signing a 20 year lease with a nuclear energy company to provide power for what kind of facility?

A

Data center

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26
Q

What are the two aspects of a “Climate Hawk”?

i.
ii.

A

i. Very high priority in climate change
ii. Support aggressive policies action

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27
Q

What are the three scenarios in the IEA reports?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Stated policies
ii. Net-zero timeline
iii. Announced pledges

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28
Q

What are the Net Zero targets for the following countries/ organizations.

China ______
EU _____
India _____
US _____
Paris Agreement _____

A

China 2060
EU 2050
India 2070
US 2050
Paris Agreement 2050

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29
Q

T/F. The IEA has become more confident in the use of carbon capture technology in the near future due to recent impressive advances in its research and development.

A

False

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30
Q

The IEA insists that rich developed countries must commit to a fast P_______-O_____ of fossil fuels.

A

Phase-Out

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31
Q

List three features of US environmental laws from the 1970s (including specific policies, agencies, or programs) that have been internationally influential for designing environmental regulations.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. E.P.A
ii. Clean water and clean air act
iii. Gasoline

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32
Q

The core insight of the Environmental Kuznets Curve can be summed up in the phrase “the S_________ to P________ is economic growth.”

A

Solution, Pollution

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33
Q

What are two criticisms made of the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

i.
ii.

A

i. Developed country exporting pollution to developing country
ii. Not all environmental issue get better as country get richer

34
Q

Briefly explain what a ‘Green Bond’ is.

A

Debt issue to fund sustainable project

35
Q

What are two of the benefits of public climate spending projects?

i.
ii.

A

i. Reduce price
ii. Able to do large scale and long term investment

36
Q

(a) What is a principal reason it is so hard for government to get rid of consumption subsidies? (b) What is a principal reason it is so hard for government to get rid of production subsidies?

A

a. Product become expensive which will anger the consumer
b. Power of political influence

37
Q

In the 1970s a really big push on research and development in alternative energy was made in response to what crisis?

A

Oil crisis

38
Q

Briefly explain Germany’s feed-in tariff program.

A

Guarantee solar panel producers a premium price

39
Q

List three benefits of carbon tax programs as discussed in lecture.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Drive up carbon-based process and product
ii. Help to boost low carbon alternative
iii. Raising revenue

40
Q

T/F. Canada’s version of carbon pricing is an example of “carbon fee and dividend”, as it offsets the higher costs to most consumers through tax refunds.

A

True

41
Q

T/F. The US was an early innovator of successful cap and trade programs.

A

True

42
Q

In a cap and trade program, polluters that expect to emit more than their permits allow must do one of what two actions?

i.
ii.

A

i. Payoff
ii. Innovate

43
Q

What are two reasons China’s climate vulnerability is very high?

i.
ii.

A

i. Lot of poor people
ii. Lot of rapid urban development without quality

44
Q

What are three of the reasons listed in lecture that China has recently become serious about addressing climate change?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Growing awareness on climate change
ii. Growing global responsibility
iii. Public outcry

45
Q

Briefly explain how China’s red alert warnings for workers during heat waves demonstrates the socially unequal impact of climate change.

A

After alert, urban white collar workers in air conditioned office, while rural agriculture workers have not access, must often keep working

46
Q

Briefly explain why the North China Plain is such a worrying region for many analysts of climate change’s effects on China.

A

Major breadbasket of the world

47
Q

To make up for the energy deficits during recent droughts, China massively expanded its used of what energy source?

A

Coal

48
Q

List three two regions where China’s water and dam policies are provoking geopolitical tension?

i.
ii.

A

i. Himalaya
ii. Central Asia

49
Q

List three causes of China’s water scarcity security issues.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Industry pollution
ii. Ice sheet melting
iii. Small plot agriculture sector

50
Q

In the face of severe deforestation in some regions, what policy has China pursued that has provoked intense public backlash?

A

Ecological migration programme

51
Q

Briefly, explain why desertification in China has become a source of geopolitical tension.

A

A lot of durst storm, which spread into another country and effect human and animal lifestyle

52
Q

Briefly, explain how the West is not immune from criticism for the problems of pollution in China.

A

There is lack of environmental laws, and they rebate their manufacturing into China

53
Q

Small rural Chinese towns suffering from high rates of severe illness from high levels of pollution exposure have been called what?

C__________ V__________

A

Cancer Village

54
Q

The Vox Video on cement said that “C_________ C_________ D________ can chip away at cement’s emissions.”

A

Climate Conscious Design

55
Q

T/F. China is increasingly optimistic about its achievement of a shift towards more low carbon building methods, even recently moving up its peak building emission deadline from 2030 to 2050.

A

False

56
Q

What are China’s “dual carbon” goals?

Goal 1:
Definition:
Date
Goal 2:
Definition:
Date:

A

Goal 1: Peak emissions
Definition: HIghest levels of emissions a country will reach
Date: 2030
Goal 2: Net zero
Definition: Carbon emissions equal carbon capture
Date: 2060

57
Q

Briefly, explain how the development of the renewable technology sector illustrates the evolution of China’s manufacturing sector.

A

Foreign firms to advanced manufacturing high tech domestic firm

58
Q

Briefly, explain how China’s desire for energy security encourages its development of renewable energy sources and technologies.

A

Decrease dependent of other country

59
Q

What difficult choice do many foreign countries face regarding China’s renewable technologies?

A

Accept to China’s green tech now but at the cost of domestic tech sector.

60
Q

List three of the benefits of China’s tree-planting programs.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Flood protection
ii. Creating carbon sink
iii. Protection biodiversity

61
Q

List three problems with China’s Great Green Wall program.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Less effective carbon sink
ii. Reforestation programs
iii. Did not involved local communities

62
Q

List three of the benefits of China’s electric vehicle revolution.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Lowering carbon emissions
ii. Lowering air pollution level
iii. Increase domestic companies

63
Q

In addition to its myriad economic benefits, what two other benefits does China seek through its high-speed rail network?

i.
ii.

A

i. Greater internal connectivity
ii. Greater international connectivity

64
Q

List two of the issues/ criticisms/ worries about China’s ETS.

i.
ii.

A

i. The price was too low
ii. Accounting problems

65
Q

What are the three ‘concerns’ expressed about China’s EV battery industry?

i.
ii.
iii,

A

i. labor issue involve
ii. poor quality of car
iii. environmental problems

66
Q

Describe the possibly ‘vicious cycle’ between temperatures and rising methane emissions.

A

Global warming lead to methane emissions

67
Q

Give three causes of India and Pakistan’s current bad air quality.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. More and more car, fossil fuel quality
ii. Burning a lot of agriculture waste
iii. Trapped air and slow wind

68
Q

Provide three of the main reasons that coal has become so central to Indonesia’s economy.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Provide cheap energy to economy
ii. International demand
iii. Government corruption

69
Q

Briefly explain the two ways that the coal sector in Indonesia prevents it from developing a renewables sector.

A

opportunity cost and artificial lowering price of coal

70
Q

Provide examples for each of the cumulative, incidental, and secondary events of climate change cause climate migration.

Cumulative:
Incidental:
Secondary:

A

Cumulative: Sea level rise
Incidental: Storms
Secondary: Social conflict

71
Q

Which of the following are among the reasons for Indonesia’s recent success in lowering annual rates of deforestation?

Increased law enforcement cracking down on illegal mining, farming, and fires
Increasing prices for palm oil
International and national level forest protection spending projects
Expansion of Indonesia’s social service safety net, including many pro-poor policies and worker protections

A

Increased law enforcement cracking down on illegal mining, farming, and fires
International and national level forest protection spending projects
Expansion of Indonesia’s social service safety net, including many pro-poor policies and worker protections

72
Q

What are two of the problems that are already troubling the implementation of Indonesia’s JETP?

i.
ii.

A

i. Funding amount are low
ii. Infrastructure cost in Indonesia much more higher than other countries

73
Q

List two of the problems that have slowed geothermal growth in Indonesia so far.

i.
ii.

A

i. Expensive and speculative
ii. Pro-coal policies

74
Q

What is Indonesia’s purpose in banning raw nickel exports?

A

Move up the higher value chain

75
Q

List three of the criticisms of extractivist economies.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Environmental damaging
ii. Bad labor condition
iii. Exporting profit to oversea

76
Q

What are the three reasons that the resource curse often leads to armed conflict?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Giving incentives to conflict
ii. Revenue of resources for funding to fight
iii. Corruption government

77
Q

List three of the objectives of the New Non-Aligned Movement.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Want more funding
ii. Want technology transfer
iii. Debt reduction

78
Q

Give three reasons for a recent resurgence in resource nationalism among developing countries.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Influence OPEC
ii. Green technology development
iii. Geopolitical tension

79
Q

Which of the following are among the five factors creating a ‘unique present’ for resource wars.

The destruction, costs, transformation, and conflict intensifications associated with climate change
Scarce and/or valuable resources in areas that overlap between countries or exist in contested zones
Shifts in militaries around the world from an ideology-driven to resource-driven focus
Increasing global demand from increased populations, high consumption in the global north, and increased middle class consumers in developing countries

A

The destruction, costs, transformation, and conflict intensifications associated with climate change
Scarce and/or valuable resources in areas that overlap between countries or exist in contested zones
Shifts in militaries around the world from an ideology-driven to resource-driven focus
Increasing global demand from increased populations, high consumption in the global north, and increased middle class consumers in developing countries

80
Q

What are the two most important factor driving the amplification and acceleration of polycrisis conditions?

i.
ii.

A

i. Climate change
ii. Global connectivity

81
Q

What are three policy recommendations experts have given for better addressing the crisis in the Sahel?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Shift from a military based to an economic development
ii.Support agriculture and farmer
iii. Focus on women

GEO 403 (6 decks)

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