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GEO 403 > Mid Term 3 403 > Flashcards

Mid Term 3 403 Flashcards

1
Q

What are China’s “dual carbon” goals?

Goal 1:
Definition:
Date
Goal 2:
Definition:
Date:

A

Goal 1: Peak emission
Definition: Highest level of carbon emissions the country will reach
Date: 2030
Goal 2: Net zero
Definition: Carbon emissions equal carbon capture
Date: 2060

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2
Q

To the frustration of climate activists and experts, what level did China leave nuclear amidst its pledges?

A

What level peak emission would be

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3
Q

China’s explicit and firm privileging of what has given some analysts doubt about China’s commitment to a swift energy transition?

A

Energy security

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4
Q

T/F. According to estimates from the Chinese Academy of Engineering, coal demand in China will peak in 2025, China will peak its emissions in 2027, and very likely reach net zero before 2060.

A

True

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5
Q

China’s rapid advances in solar, wind, and battery technologies have been astonishing. China’s current share of global manufacturing capacity now stands at (50, 66, 88)

______% for solar modules
______% for wind turbines
______% for battery storage

A

66% for solar modules
50% for wind turbines
88% for battery storage

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6
Q

T/F. While wind turbines will generate far more power than solar panels over a year, solar panels have overtaken wind turbines as the world’s biggest renewables market due to dominance in its scale of production.

A

True

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7
Q

T/F. Both solar and onshore wind are cheaper on a new-build basis than gas and coal.

A

True

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8
Q

T/F. China built more offshore wind turbines in 2021 than all other countries did for the last five years.

A

True

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9
Q

Briefly, explain how the development of the renewable technology sector illustrates the evolution of China’s manufacturing sector.

A

Foreign firms to advanced manufacturing high tech domestic firms

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10
Q

Briefly, explain how China’s desire for energy encourages its development of renewable energy sources and technologies.

A

Decreasing the dependent of other countries

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11
Q

China wants to become the S________ A______ of renewables.

A

Saudi Arabia

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12
Q

How does renewable energy development put a different light on China’s efforts at territorial expansion?

A

Many of territorial dispute have renewable energy aspects

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13
Q

What difficult choice do many foreign countries face regarding China’s renewable technologies?

A

By open market to China, it determines own’s potential to develop renewable tech sector by itself

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14
Q

What city in the 1990s and 2000s became the “air pollution capital of the world”?

A

Beijing

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15
Q

Briefly, explain why March 2013 became the turning point for air pollution in China.

A

Xi JinPing became president and taking on air polluting issue

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16
Q

Which of the following were methods used by China to reduce its air pollution?

Set up a nationwide of monitoring stations
New government regulations restricting car and truck use and emissions
Massive state subsidies to develop electric vehicle production and purchase
Shut down some coal mines and plants and put restrictions on the operations of ones still in use
Financing for companies to shift towards more energy efficient operations

A

Set up a nationwide of monitoring stations
New government regulations restricting car and truck use and emissions
Massive state subsidies to develop electric vehicle production and purchase
Shut down some coal mines and plants and put restrictions on the operations of ones still in use
Financing for companies to shift towards more energy efficient operations

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17
Q

T/F. Though not a perfect rule, in general a country’s air quality gets considerably worse as it emerges out of poverty through industrialization, but then improves once it becomes affluent and able to afford regulations and remedies.

A

True

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18
Q

A____________ is the planting of trees and vegetation in places where there previously waren’t any.

A

Afforestation

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19
Q

List three of the benefits of China’s tree-planting programs.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Increasing in biodiversity
ii. Screening sand during sand storms
iii. Help flooding issues

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20
Q

T/F. China has been conducting the largest tree-planting project in human history.

A

True

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21
Q

List three problems with China’s Great Green Wall program.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Reforestation program
ii. Less effective carbon sink
iii. Did not involve local communities

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22
Q

T/F. Despite criticisms and setbacks, China continues with its traditional tree-planting methods and has refused to adopt more nature-based approaches which scientists have argued would work better, nor has China made attempts to better integrate local communities in planting and conservation efforts.

A

False

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23
Q

T/F. The BRI includes tree-planting initiatives, including the creation of “green economic belts” that will link China with several countries in Central and West Asia.

A

True

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24
Q

China is currently conducting a campaign to cover 40% of 7 out of 10 of its cities with what?

A

Green space

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25
Q

P______ P________ are a key means by which China uses its administrative state to spur innovation.

A

Pilot Project

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26
Q

Sponge-cities are a N_________-B________ approach, in contrast to conventional G_________ I__________, and the programs seek to create green spaces that S__________, R_________, and C_________ water as it moves through a city.

A

Natural-Based
Grey Infrastructure
Slow, Retain, Clean

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27
Q

What factor do some analysts credit as the key to China becoming the largest electric vehicle market in the world?

A

China lower the price of EVs

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28
Q

T/F. In addition to private vehicles, China has launched major initiatives to electrify its fleets of taxis, logistical trucking, and city buses.

A

True

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29
Q

List three of the benefits of China’s electric vehicle revolution.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Reduce carbon emission
ii. Increase domestic companies
iii. Decrease foreign fuel sources

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30
Q

T/F. While China has massively invested in and rapidly expanded its high speed rail network over the last decade, it is still well behind the US in total km of high speed track.

A

False

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31
Q

T/F. While China’s high speed rail industry initially depended on technology transfers from foreign firms, it is now driven by domestic firms at the forefront of world in terms of advanced speeds, signaling systems, driverless technology, and construction times.

A

True

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32
Q

In addition to its myriad economic benefits, what two other benefits does China seek through its high-speed rail network?

i.
ii.

A

i. Greater internal connectivity
ii. Greater international connectivity

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33
Q

List three key features of a China’s Eco-Cities.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. High density
ii. Electrified transportation
iii. Advanced water system

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34
Q

What country is a partner with China on its highest profile Eco-City project in Tianjin?

A

Singapore

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35
Q

T/F. While China’s Eco-Cities projects have been much criticized (e.g. excessive expensive, use as propaganda and marketing tools, questionable effectiveness, and hard time attracting residents), they have become some of the most influential blueprints for the future of sustainable urbanism.

A

True

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36
Q

(a) What does ETS stand for? And (b) what sector does China’s initial implementation of its ETS apply to?

A

Emissions trading scheme, power generation sector

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37
Q

What are China’s two main goals in its ETS?

A

Drive down carbon emissions, spurs development of new green technology

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38
Q

T/F. Currently China has no plans to expand its ETS beyond its initial focus, preferring instead to adopt a wait-and-see approach to any future ambitions.

A

False

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39
Q

China is currently pushing ahead in decarbonizing what sector that is very-hard-to-decarbonize but essential for renewables?

A

Steel sector

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40
Q

The IMF estimates that China’s carbon price must be near $50 a ton for it effectively drive down carbon emissions (carbon’s current price in European markets is $90); China’s current carbon price is about $ ____.

A

9

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41
Q

Besides price, are two of the issues/ criticisms/ worries about China’s ETS?

i.
ii.

A

i. The price was too low
ii. Accounting problem

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42
Q

T/F. Despite China’s overall dominance of the market, CATL, the world’s leading battery market, is an American company located in Detroit, Michigan.

A

False

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43
Q

T/F. China’s EC market makes up over half of all EV sales globally.

A

True

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44
Q

What is ‘the first major reason why China’s companies were able to develop their EV battery’?

A

Government support

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45
Q

What were the three big motivates for developing an EV industry?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Energy independence
ii. Air pollution
iii. Opportunity to compete in new emerging market

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46
Q

Which of the following does the video list as among the policies the Chinese government used to supported the development of the EV sector?

Subsidies for each sale
Cheap land leases
Cheap loans from state-owned banks
R&D spending
Tax breaks
Contrast to electricity bus and taxi fleets
Discounts, parking, lane advantages, tax breaks for consumers

A

Subsidies for each sale
Cheap land leases
Cheap loans from state-owned banks
R&D spending
Tax breaks
Contrast to electricity bus and taxi fleets
Discounts, parking, lane advantages, tax breaks for consumers

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47
Q

To protect their own battery industry, when foreign firms wanted to sell their EVs in the China market, what policy did the Chinese government adopt?

A

Must use China made battery

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48
Q

What milestone in EV sales was reached in China in 2024?

A

Over 50% of new car sales

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49
Q

Control over what is the second way that Chinese battery companies became dominant?

A

Control of the supply chain

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50
Q

T/F. While China dominates the global mining of many critical materials for batteries, it is currently dependent on the advanced of first world countries and regions like the US and EU.

A

False

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51
Q

T/F. China has a 70% or over market dominance of the four main components of the EV battery cell.

A

True

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52
Q

BYD, a major EV producer in China, started as what kind of company in the 1990s?

A

Battery for electronics

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53
Q

T/F. Historically, the major competitor to China in battery making was not the US, but Japan and Korea.

A

True

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54
Q

What policy rule did the Biden administration pass in an attempt to limit China’s market dominance in batteries?

A

Chinese government cannot be over 50%

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55
Q

T/F. China is not only the world’s leader in EV battery manufacturing, but has now become the epicenter of EV battery innovation.

A

True

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56
Q

What is the significance of LFP batteries?

A

Less critical materials, smaller and powerful

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57
Q

What are the three ‘concerns’ expressed about China’s EV battery industry?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Environmental concerns
ii. Government support unfair
iii. Human right abuse

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58
Q

T/F. In Spain, many people did not get the alerts by authorities at all or until it was too late, with many people driving or walking in suddenly flooding streets and underground garages that became death traps.

A

True

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59
Q

Provide three of ways climate change may have contributed to the Spain floods.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Air warmer holding more precipitation
ii. the Mediterranean became warmer
iii. Movement of the European jet stream

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60
Q

What climate change related problem had Spain been suffering from in 2022 and 2023?

A

Droughts

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61
Q

T/F. When the Spanish royals visited the site of the flooding, the people welcomed them and cheered with hope, since the royals were showing they cared and things would get better quickly.

A

False

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62
Q

As a GHG, methane is ______ times more potent than carbon over the short term.

4
10
40
80

A

80

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63
Q

T/F. In 2020, the growth rate in methane emissions doubled in a sudden, sharp spike upward, baffling scientists.

A

True

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64
Q

What has a group of scientists now identified as the ‘culprit’ of the sudden spike in methane emissions?

A

Microbes

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65
Q

How did scientists determine that the intense in methane emissions were not from fossil fuels (which, to be clear, are a major emitter of methane!)?

A

The weight of the methane

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66
Q

Scientists fear that warming temperatures and rising methane emissions might be forming a dangerous F________ L_______.

A

Feedback Loop

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67
Q

Describe the possibly ‘vicious cycle’ between warming temperatures and rising methane emissions.

A

Global warming increase methane emissions

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68
Q

T/F. Some good news related to methane emissions is that, if wetlands as part of a natural cycle are releasing methane faster than ever, scientists say that we do not have to push as hard to curb methane from the sources humans can control, such as cows, agriculture and fossil fuels.

A

False

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69
Q

Over 100 countries have collectively pledged to reduce their methane emissions by _____% by the year ______ from 2020 levels.

A

30%, 2030

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70
Q

T/F. Lahore, home to 14 million people, and only 25km from the border with India, recently suffered its worst air pollution day in history, and currently the worst levels on Earth.

A

True

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71
Q

What Indian city frequently trades places with Lahore as the most air polluted city in the world?

A

Delhi

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72
Q

Give three causes of India and Pakistan’s current bad air quality.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Coal power as a source of energy
ii. Lots of farmers burning agriculture waste
iii. Cold air and slow down wind

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73
Q

T/F. Indians affected by the air pollution can lose up to 8.5 years off their life, according to a study by the University of Chicago.

A

True

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74
Q

Rich Indians and Pakistanis with access to what make the smog issue an example of ‘climate apartheid’ according to climate activists in the region?

A

Air purifier

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75
Q

T/F. The Indian government, in a surprise to many, responded enthusiastically to overtunes from Pakistani officials to conduct some ‘smog and climate diplomacy’ between the two traditionally bitter rivals.

A

True

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76
Q

Which of the following is true about Indonesia’s coal sector?

Opened up the third most coal-fired power capacity in the world, behind India and China
Coal is 60% in Indonesia’s electricity generation
World’s largest exporter of coal
Accounts for 75% of all planned coal power construction in South and Southeast Asia

A

Opened up the third most coal-fired power capacity in the world, behind India and China
Coal is 60% in Indonesia’s electricity generation
World’s largest exporter of coal
Accounts for 75% of all planned coal power construction in South and Southeast Asia

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77
Q

Provide three of the main reasons that coal has become so central to Indonesia’s economy.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Government corruption
ii. Strong international demand
iii. Provide cheap energy to economy

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78
Q

T/F. While many climate activists, scientists, and policymakers criticize Indonesia’s increased coal usage, there is a widespread acknowledgement that Indonesia has passed significant environmental safeguards that protect its forest, water, and air from the effects of coal mining and burning.

A

False

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79
Q

What problems does coal burning make much worse in Jakarta?

A

Air pollution

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80
Q

Briefly explain the two ways that the coal sector in Indonesia it from developing a renewables sector.

A

Government giving money to coal sector
Artificial lowering the price of coal

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81
Q

Besides bountiful rainforest, Indonesia also has large and critically important mangrove forests and peat swamps. What climate function do both of these serve?

Mangrove Forests:
Peat Swamps:

A

Mangrove Forests: Biodiversity and coastal erosion protection
Peat Swamps: Carbon rich

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82
Q

How much of Indonesia’s original forest cover remains?

A

50%

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83
Q

What crop is the largest driver of deforestation in Indonesia?

A

Palm oil

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84
Q

(a) In addition to the plantations, timber, and mining industries, local communities are often responsible for deforestation in Indonesia due to what farming technique? And (b) what additional problem does this cause?

a.
b.

A

a. Slash and burn agriculture
b. Fires rage out of control

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85
Q

What climate and population related program of the Indonesia government is exacerbating rural tensions over resources?

A

Trans-migration program

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86
Q

List four costs of deforestation and fires in Indonesia.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

A

i. Loss of carbon sink
ii. Air pollution
iii. Zoonotic disease
iv. Geopolitical tension

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87
Q

How does Singapore illustrate how Indonesia’s forest dynamics often become a geopolitical issue?

A

Fire breaks out in Indonesia spread smoke to Singapore

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88
Q

(a) How many people live in Indonesia? And (b) how many live in Jakarta (the greater metropolitan area)?

a.
b.

A

a. 270 million
b. 30m million

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89
Q

What are the two main causes of Jakarta sinking?

i.
ii.

A

i. Land subsidence
ii. Rising sea level

90
Q

What kind of projects is Indonesia building (with Dutch and Korean help) at a cost of 40 billion dollars in order to address its sinking capital?

A

The bird sea wall

91
Q

What other issue prevents Jakarta from pursuing a strategy of ‘artificial recharge’ like Japan did when facing land subsidence?

A

No alternative source of water

92
Q

T/F. Merely the flooding of Jakarta’s streets causing terrible traffic congestion is estimated to cost the Indonesian economy 4.5 billion dollars a year.

A

True

93
Q

T/F. Only 15% of Indonesia’s farmland is taken up by large-scale plantations.

A

True

94
Q

Indonesia faces the possibility of significant declines in what three core crops listed in lecture, crops critical to their domestic food security and export earnings?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. rice
ii. palm oil
iii. coffee production

95
Q

Indonesia is the world’s __________ largest marine fisheries producer.

Second
Seventh
Tenth
Seventeenth

A

Second

96
Q

What type of area is reaching a tipping point that severely threatens Indonesia’s fishing industry?

A

Coral reefs

97
Q

Briefly explain how climate change creates a one-two punch that makes fishing in Indonesia much more dangerous.

A

Coastal fishing decreasing due to climate change lead to fisherman need to go further out

98
Q

Roughly _____% of Indonesia’s current economic losses due to climate change come from its effects on its marine and coastal sectors.

20%
30%
50%
70%

A

70%

99
Q

Low-to-middle income countries dependent on what are likely to be the primary sources of climate migrants over the next several decades?

A

Agriculture

100
Q

Provide examples for each of the cumulative, incidental, and secondary events of climate change cause climate migration.

Cumulative:
incidental:
Secondary:

A

Cumulative: Sea level rise
Incidental: Storms
Secondary: Social conflict

101
Q

Many of Indonesia’s migrants towards other rising economies within Asia, as well as what other region?

A

Middle East

102
Q

Due to desperate migrants, inadequate government policies, and lax law enforcement, many climate migrants from Indonesia end up caught in what other tragic problem?

A

Human trafficking

103
Q

T/F. The current Indonesia government envisions the construction of a new national capital called “Nusantara” by 2045 on the island of Borneo as a solution for the solution for the problems plaguing Jakarta, reducing its population while allowing the country so start fresh with a “sustainable city.”

A

True

104
Q

The construction of a new capital for Indonesia is part of a resurgent trend in M________ P__________ around the developing world as countries seek to build whole new cities to both address current urban shortcoming and respond to the problems and opportunities of climate change.

A

Master Planning

105
Q

The shifting of large populations out of Jakarta is an example of what climate change researchers call “M_________ R________”, a large-scale withdrawal of populations from vulnerable areas.

A

Managed Retreat

106
Q

List three of the worries/ problems/ criticisms that are already or bound to plague Indonesia’s plans for a new capital.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Destroyed rainforest
ii. Unsustainable soil quality
iii. Insufficient funding

107
Q

Which of the following are among the reasons for Indonesia’s recent success in lowering annual rates of deforestation?

Increase law enforcement cracking down on illegal mining, farming, and fires
World economic slump and declining prices for palm oil
International and national level forest protection spending projects
Expansion of Indonesia’s social service safety net, including many pro-poor policies and worker protections

A

Increase law enforcement cracking down on illegal mining, farming, and fires
World economic slump and declining prices for palm oil
International and national level forest protection spending projects
Expansion of Indonesia’s social service safety net, including many pro-poor policies and worker protections

108
Q

T/F. Indonesia is the world’s largest palm oil producer and exporter.

A

True

109
Q

T/F. Peatlands store twice as much carbon as the world’s forests.

A

True

110
Q

Prior to Indonesia’s recent success (and Malaysia), what country was the only example of a large tropical forested country that had achieved a substantial and sustained drop in forest loss (though it was then reversed under a new president)?

A

Brazil

111
Q

T/F. The number of coral reef reforestation projects in Indonesia has increased dramatically in recent years, including the single largest coral reef restoration project in the world.

A

True

112
Q

Briefly, describe Coral Transplantation.

A

Taking healthy coral reef with higher temperatures resilient and transparent to somewhere coral is dying

113
Q

In a parallel to China’s program on tree planting, the role of what group has been a critical factor in the success of many of Indonesia’s recent coral reef restoration projects?

A

Local communities

114
Q

What country with a world famous coral reef in desperate need of protection and recovery is now turning to Indonesia for advice?

A

Australia

115
Q

What are two problems that have undermined Indonesia’s coral restoration initiatives?

i.
ii.

A

i. Does not share scientists
ii. One-off project do not last for long time

116
Q

How much have a group of rich countries offered Indonesia in an effort to help shift the country off coal?

A

$20 billion

117
Q

What does JETP stand for?

A

Just Energy Transition Partnership

118
Q

List two other countries that JETP deals are either in place or also under discussion.

i.
ii.

A

i. India
ii. Vietnam

119
Q

T/F. As part of the plan, Indonesia has pledged to redirect government subsidies away from the coal sector and towards renewable energy development.

A

True

120
Q

What sector is Indonesia perhaps most interested in shifting towards renewable energy so it remains attractive to climate-conscious international investors?

A

Nickel sector

121
Q

What year has Indonesia pledged to reach Net Zero?

A

2060

122
Q

What are two of the problems that are already troubling the implementation of Indonesia’s JETP?

i.
ii.

A

i. Funding level are too low
ii. Most of economy build by cheap cost

123
Q

Estimates suggest that Indonesia has around ______% of potential global geothermal resources.

A

40%

124
Q

Briefly, explain how geothermal energy works.

A

Harnessing the earth energy

125
Q

Indonesia’s location near the R_______ of F_______ provides it with the extremely active seismic activity that provides ample geothermal potential.

A

Ring of Fire

126
Q

What is the greatest advantages of geothermal relative to wind and solar renewable energy sources?

A

Provide stable base load

127
Q

List two of the problems that have slowed geothermal growth in Indonesia so far.

i.
ii.

A

i. Pro-coal policies
ii. Long term and expensive

128
Q

Indonesia has roughly _____% of the world’s supply of nickel.

5%
15%
25%
55%

A

25%

129
Q

Why is nickel so important to the Electric Vehicle market?

A

Key element for the lithium ion battery

130
Q

Indonesia’s “D____________” policy bans all raw nickel exports and requires domestic processing.

A

Downstreaming

131
Q

What is Indonesia’s purpose in banning raw nickel exports?

A

Move up the value chain

132
Q

T/F. Indonesia’s nickel ban has led to considerable growth in foreign investment, nickel smelters, and jobs.

A

True

133
Q

What climate-unfriendly fuel source powers much of Indonesia’s nickel industry?

A

Coal

134
Q

What rich country recently passed a law requiring sources for battery materials, a clear counter to Indonesia’s policies?

A

The Biden climate build

135
Q

How did the EU respond to Indonesia’s raw nickel ban?

A

Broad a case to against WTO

136
Q

T/F. In the face of opposition from powerful rich countries Indonesia has announced plans to reform its nickel ban and scrap any plans for expanding the program to other materials.

A

False

137
Q

Briefly define “Extractivism”.

A

Disproportionately dependence on export and extraction of raw material

138
Q

What us the term for how colonized areas were constrained by the European colonizing powers to have economies that focused on a small number of sectors, almost always agriculture and raw materials?

F________________ S__________________

A

Forced Specialization

139
Q

A massive expansion in global demand for basic goods can be roughly dated from what 2001 event?

A

China join WTO

140
Q

What is the two word term for a generalized and sustained rise in prices for basic goods from increases in global demand?

C____________ B_____________

A

Commodities Boom

141
Q

List three of the criticisms of extravist economies.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Export profit to oversea
ii. Corruption
iii. Massive environment damaging

142
Q

Another name of the Resource Curse is the P_________ of P________.

A

Paradise of Plenty

143
Q

Give a brief definition of ‘resource curse’.

A

Country with high material wealth, tend to have low economic outcome

144
Q

What are the three reasons that the resource curse often leads to armed conflict?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Give incentives to conflict
ii. Using revenue of sources for funding to fight
iii. Often control by corrupt government

145
Q

Briefly explain ‘Dutch Disease’.

A

One sector gets disproportionate influence

146
Q

T/F. Studies show that oil wealth tends to lower levels of democracy and increase autocratic rule.

A

True

147
Q

(a) In the 1990s the world’s attention was drawn to the often bloody origins of what valuable commodity? And (b) more recently attention has been drawn to the bloody origins of what valuable commodity to many advanced technologies?

a.
b.

A

a. Blood diamond
b. Cobalt

148
Q

Some analysts are increasingly worried over how so many of the S_____ C______ for green technologies are dependent on transition materials sourced in violent, unstable regions.

A

Supply Chain

149
Q

56% of what key transition material is found in problem-plagued Democratic Republic of the Congo

A

Cobalt

150
Q

Briefly, explain how international law contributes to the materials conflicts in the DRC.

A

Low transparency in supply chain

151
Q

T/F. The DRC is an example of the fact that conflicts over transition materials are likely to be intra-state conflicts (insurgencies, civil wars) but not involve other states.

A

False

152
Q

Which of the following is true of the original Non-Aligned Movement?

Emerged in the early period of the Cold War and the era of decolonization of much of Africa and Asia
Advocated for a Third Way, independent from either the First World of the US and Second World of the Soviet Union
A key forum for developing nations to find their international voice and work collectively
Disbanded at the end of the Cold War since the end of that era meant the organization had lost its central purpose

A

Emerged in the early period of the Cold War and the era of decolonization of much of Africa and Asia
Advocated for a Third Way, independent from either the First World of the US and Second World of the Soviet Union
A key forum for developing nations to find their international voice and work collectively

153
Q

T/F. Indonesia and Brazil are considered leaders of the New Non-Aligned Movement.

A

True

154
Q

Partly what the New Non-Aligned Movement is trying to navigate is the possible transformation of the world from a post-Cold War American dominance to a more M_____________ balance of power.

A

Multipolar

155
Q

The developing world’s reaction to what ongoing geopolitical conflict has become a clear indication of significant flux and uncertainty in international alliances?

A

Russian invasion of Ukraine

156
Q

List three of the objectives of the New Non-Aligned Movement.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Access to and development technologies
ii. Want military hardware
iii. Restructure debt

157
Q

Briefly, provide a definition of resource nationalism.

A

Increase in state control such as key resources

158
Q

Give three reasons for a recent resurgence in resource nationalism among developing countries.

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Influence of OPEC
ii. Green technology development
iii. Geopolitical turmoil

159
Q

Which of these is NOT listed as one of the five factors creating a unique present for resource wars?

The destruction, costs, transformations, and conflict intensifications associated with climate change
Scarce and/or valuable resources in areas that overlap between countries or exist in contested zones
Shifts in militaries around the world from resource-driven to ideology-driven geopolitical strategies
Increasing global demand from increased populations, continuing high per capital consumption in the global north, and increased middle class consumers in developing countries
Resource scarcities in basic commodities like water and timber driving increased prices, intensified competition, and perhaps conflict.

A

Shifts in militaries around the world from resource-driven to ideology-driven geopolitical strategies

160
Q

What are three of the world’s resource conflict hotspots listed in lecture?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. South China Sea
ii. DRC conflict
iii. Arab

161
Q

What is the reason the Arctic is becoming more and more accessible to travel and resource extraction?

A

Ice sheet melt due to climate change

162
Q

T/F. According to one estimate by a global financial firm, already over a trillion dollars in projects are underway or planned for Arctic.

A

True

163
Q

What two countries have so far been the most proactive about developments in the Arctic?

A

Russia and Norway

164
Q

What country, not traditionally understood as an Artic country, is describing itself as a “near-polar” country and has plans to make a big push into the region?

A

China

165
Q

Some routes such as the Northern Sea Route along Russia’s northern shore are already navigable - albeit not easily - during certain times of the year, this replaces the Suez Canal and trims some 30 percent to 40 percent off the distance ships would travel between what two regions?

A

East Asia and Northern Europe

166
Q

T/F. In addition to the trillions of dollars due to the probable billions of barrels of oil and natural gas buried beneath the deep sea bed, the Arctic also contains a range of mineable minerals, including gold, silver, diamond, copper, titanium, graphite, uranium and other valuable rare earth elements.

A

True

167
Q

Briefly explain what EEZ stands for, how big it is, and what is means countries can do.

A

Exclusive economic zones, 200 miles, exclusive right of development

168
Q

T/F. Currently there is no forum, or mechanism, or agreement for settling territorial disputes between countries in the Arctic.

A

False

169
Q

Russia’s recent military activities in the region include which of the following?

Reopening old soviet era military installations
Deploying new weapons and radar systems
jamming the GPS systems of other countries
Provocatively flying anti-submarine aircraft, for example during the US-UK submarine military exercises
Simulating mock attacks by its tactical bombers on other countries

A

Reopening old soviet era military installations
Deploying new weapons and radar systems
jamming the GPS systems of other countries
Provocatively flying anti-submarine aircraft, for example during the US-UK submarine military exercises
Simulating mock attacks by its tactical bombers on other countries

170
Q

The recent military activities by the US in the Arctic region include which of the following?

Navy warships now sail through Arctic waters conducting “freedom of navigation” patrols
Sending hundreds more marines to the region on long-term rotations
NATO conducting its largest exercises since the end of the Cold War in the Arctic
the U.S. plans to re-establish the Navy’s Second Fleet, which will be sent to counter Russian activity in the North Atlantic

A

Navy warships now sail through Arctic waters conducting “freedom of navigation” patrols
Sending hundreds more marines to the region on long-term rotations
NATO conducting its largest exercises since the end of the Cold War in the Arctic
the U.S. plans to re-establish the Navy’s Second Fleet, which will be sent to counter Russian activity in the North Atlantic

171
Q

An international treaty that governs the use of what other region is often cited as a model and hope for peaceful sharing of the Arctic?

A

Antarctica

172
Q

Why are indigenous communities in the region conflicted about these recent developments?

A

Gaining access to development fund but it comes at a cost of indigenous community way of life

173
Q

T/F. While some wars have been directly fought over water, struggles over water are more often results of conflicts with other causes, as well as water accessibility being among the frequent targets and costs of war between groups.

A

True

174
Q

In addition to drinking water, what two other uses of water are most often the source of struggles over its control?

i.
ii.

A

i. Agriculture use
ii. Energy generation

175
Q

In water wars, water is often a T_________ (i.e. cause of conflict), a W_________ (i.e. instrument of support or target of attack), and a C__________ (i.e. due to intentional or accidental ruination).

A

Trigger, Weapon, Casualty

176
Q

The United Nations and the World Bank estimate that ______% of the global population is already suffering from water scarcity issues.

A

40%

177
Q

T/F. Over the course of the 20th Century, global water use grew at more than twice the rate of population increase.

A

True

178
Q

Analysts worried about state-level violence over water are most concerned about “T___________” water systems.

A

Transboundary

179
Q

(a) Why are some analysts optimistic that water resource struggles are unlikely to lead state vs state violence? And (b) what kind of wars do they see as much more likely to increase in the future?

a.
b.

A

a. A long history of water regulations
b. Civil war

180
Q

What are two of types of projects countries have pursued to remedy their water problems?

i.
ii.

A

i. Desalinization program
ii. Conservation program

181
Q

While climate change may not ever be the sole primary cause of a conflict, it often acts as a key cause by intensifying or causing other problems that lead to war; that is, climate change often acts, as the US military has put it, as a “T__________ M__________.”

A

Threat Multiplier

182
Q

T/F. After coming into power in the 1970s, the Shia Assad family ruled over Syria which is a major Sunni country; in order to stabilize their power, they used preferential water access to maintain the loyalty of Sunni farmers especially in northeast Syria.

A

True

183
Q

T/F. In the five years leading up to the civil war, Syria experienced one of the worst droughts in history, and areas of the northeast were especially badly hit.

A

True

184
Q

As climate migrants from Northeastern Syria moved into the shantytowns of Syria’s big cities, they were combined with flows of conflict refugees from what other two places in the Middle East?

A

Iraq and Palestine

185
Q

T/F. As part of their often brutal counter-insurgency strategy, the Assad regime has frequently denied water to areas held by the rebels, even when this meant denying water to hundreds of thousands of Syrian civilians not involved in the fighting.

A

True

186
Q

T/F. Egypt has over 110 million people and depends on the Nile for almost all of its drinking and farming water, which is why it uses its position as the upstream riparian power to control so much of the Nile’s flow.

A

False

187
Q

T/F. The region that depends on the Nile water for drinking, industry, and agriculture is expected to grow by 300 million people over the next 50 years.

A

True

188
Q

What foreign country is helping Ethiopia build the 5 billion dollar Renaissance Dam?

A

China

189
Q

Besides water, what are the other two major motivations for Ethiopia to build the Renaissance Dam?

i.
ii.

A

i. Domestic energy
ii. looking to export electricity

190
Q

What threat and what demand did Egypt make when Ethiopia announced plans for the Renaissance Dam?

Threat:
Demand:

A

Threat: Boobing it if build
Demand: Require 90% of the water

191
Q

A long and still ongoing civil war in what other country is tied to water supplies, including those from the Nile?

A

Sudan

192
Q

T/F. Researchers predict the Nile basin region will suffer from more frequent droughts in the future due to climate change.

A

True

193
Q

What is at the heart of the growing tensions between China and India in the Himalayas?

A

Water

194
Q

Growing fears over China’s water policies in the Himalayas parallels the geopolitical tensions over China’s water policies in what other region?

A

Mekong Delta

195
Q

In addition to loss of water, what are two other concerns that India has about possible dam construction in the Himalayas?

i.
ii.

A

i. Water level decreasing
ii. Affect fish stock

196
Q

T/F. So far the dispute between China and India in the Himalayas has not led to any military confrontation or build-up.

A

False

197
Q

T/F. A central point of the term ‘Polycrisis’ is that sometimes multiple crises occur simultaneously and in interconnected ways that make them cumulatively more difficult to handle than a series of separate crises.

A

True

198
Q

Which of the following are key ideas associated with ‘Polycrisis’?

Complex, entangled systems
Disruptive systemic risks
Synchronized breakdowns
Amplified severity
Accelerated rates

A

Complex, entangled systems
Disruptive systemic risks
Synchronized breakdowns
Amplified severity
Accelerated rates

199
Q

What are the two most important factors driving the amplification and acceleration of polycrisis conditions?

i.
ii.

A

i. Climate change
ii. Global connectivity

200
Q

T/F. The Sahel is a large transition zone stretches across Africa from the Atlantic coast to the Red Sea, and is in between the dry and semi-arid Saharan desert climate of North Africa to the humid and tropical conditions of Sub-Saharan Africa.

A

True

201
Q

What are the two impacts of climate change already negatively impacting life in the Sahel?

i.
ii.

A

i. Rising temperatures
ii. longer duration drought

202
Q

The conflict between what two groups defines the central tension in many areas of the Sahel?

______________ vs.________________

A

Nomads vs. Farmers

203
Q

Less and less of what has increased the conflict between these two groups (from question 3)?

A

Grass

204
Q

A civil war chich has followed Western military intervention in what North African country has led to a cascade of extremist violence southward throughout the Sahel?

A

Libya

205
Q

Extremist groups have thrived in the Sahel recently, especially within the region of west Africa defined by which of the following characteristic?

Rampant poverty
Neglectful or nonexistent government
Corrupt and violent militaries
Climate-change driven food insecurity
Large proportion of a vulnerable Muslim population

A

Rampant poverty
Neglectful or nonexistent government
Corrupt and violent militaries
Climate-change driven food insecurity
Large proportion of a vulnerable Muslim population

206
Q

Which European country is a former colonial power in West Africa, still exercise considerable economic and military power in the region, and invaded Mali in a several weeks operation that turned into a decade long, multi-billion dollar quagmire that left the region more desrabilized than before?

A

France

207
Q

The Sahel has seen a large surge in refugees over the last decade, as well as IDPs. (a) What does IDP stand for? (b) And what makes them often harder to help than refugees?

a.
b.

A

a. Internally displaced people
b. Legal constraints

208
Q

In response to the increased flow of refugees from the region, Europe has increased funding for …

A

Borders

209
Q

T/F. Sahelian countries Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Chad and Mali are all among the top twenty countries with the fastest projected population growth, and the region is expected to double in size by 2050.

A

True

210
Q

What are the three policy recommendations experts have given for better addressing the crisis in the Sahel?

i.
ii.
iii.

A

i. Education investment
ii. Provide support to farmers
iii. Provide support to women

211
Q

A shift in what terminology would likely provide greater protections and support for people fleeing from conditions damaged by climate change?

A

Climate migrant to climate refugees

212
Q

Provide two arguments for and against Carbon Capture Technology.

For:
Against:

A

For: Continue use of fossil fuel/ Provide job
Against: Hard to debate/ Expensive

213
Q

Provide two arguments for and against Nuclear Power.

For:
Against:

A

For: Net zero carbon emissions/ provide huge amount of energy
Against: Long time to built/ Expensive

214
Q

Provide two arguments for and against Degrowth.

For:
Against:

A

For: Focus on human life quality/ Earth don’t have enough resources to development
Against: Hurt working class people/ Decrease technology innovations

215
Q

Provide two arguments for and against Clean Energy Tech as Dirty.

For:
Against:

A

For: Far less environmental damage/ Far less than resources use
Against: Green washing/ Drive resources conflict

216
Q

Briefly explain ‘climate denialism’.

A

People who claim the climate change is not a serious problem

217
Q

Trump’s reductions or eliminations of regulations around what GHG is likely to have tremendously terrible environmental impacts?

A

Methane

218
Q

What sector is a key target for Trump to undue Biden’s legislative legacy on climate?

A

Electrical vehicle sector

219
Q

What is Trump’s objection to the Paris Agreement?

A

Cost to American business

220
Q

A continuing ‘war’ between the US and China will have far reaching impacts on the development of green technologies as well as political, economic, and environmental cooperation more generally?

A

Chip war

GEO 403 (6 decks)

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