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Discovering Dinosaurs > Mid Term 2 reveiw > Flashcards

Mid Term 2 reveiw Flashcards

1
Q

who came up with the name dinosaur?

A

sir richard owen

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2
Q

who discovered the split in dinosauria into saurischia and ornithischia?

A

harry seeley

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3
Q

what are modern day saurischians?

A

birds

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4
Q

what two groups are inside of saurischia?

A

theropoda and sauropoda

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5
Q

what are other diagnostic characters for saurischia (these are more important ones)

A

large hands + long fingers for grasping
twisting of digit I (thumb) to move across the palm
overlapping metatarsals
elongate cervical vertebrae
loss of distal carpal V

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6
Q

are all saurischia carnivorous?

A

no, but many of them are due to their characteristics being designed for hunting and meat eating

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7
Q

what are the distinct features to remember about saurischia hands/feet?

A

overlapping metatarsals
thumb (digit I) can angle across the palm

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8
Q

what does the group theropoda include?

A

all saurischians that are not sauropods

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9
Q

what is the kind of tooth that theropods have?

A

ziphodont tooth - knife-like, thin, recurved, serrated

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10
Q

what are the hands on theropods like?

A

large hands with advanced grasping ability, no fourth and fifth digits

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11
Q

what kind of extra skull opening do theropods have?

A

promaxillary fenestra on maxilla

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12
Q

what kind of stance do theropods have?

A

digitigrade stance (up on their toes)

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13
Q

how did small theropods hunt?

A

in packs and with grasping hands and slicing claws

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14
Q

what are the chest cavities of theropods like?

A

they are narrow, helps with running/hunting

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15
Q

what are the leg bones or small - medium theropods like?

A

thigh (femur) that is shorter than the shin (tibia)
helps for quicker running

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16
Q

how fast could theropods run?

A

the fastest could likely reach 40-60 km/h
larger theropods probably didn’t exceed 40 km/h

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17
Q

how many hand digits do theropods have?

A

most have three
primitive ones have four
highly derived ones (t rex) have two

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18
Q

how strong were theropod arms?

A

even though they were very short, they were very strong due to muscle attachments

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19
Q

what were the heads of carnivorous theropods like?

A

proportionately large compared to body

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20
Q

what were the heads of non-carnivorous theropods like?

A

proportionately small compared to body

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21
Q

why did carnivorous theropods have larger heads?

A

used their heads/jaws as their killing mechanism

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21
Q

in early theropods how far into the jaw did the teeth go?

A

all the way to the back of the jaw

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21
Q

in developed theropods how far into the jaw did the teeth go?

A

2/3 of the way back of the jaw

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22
Q

what was the closing of the jaw similar to in many theropods?

A

scissor-like action to slice effectively through flesh

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23
what did the scissor-like jar motion allow for theropods to not do while eating?
they did not chew
24
what are descriptions of theropod teeth?
flattened from side to side, recurved (curved backwards), pointed, serrated
25
what were theropod teeth also called?
ziphodont
26
what are the three types of theropod teeth and what dinosaur did they commonly belong to?
troodon tooth - large denticles in place of more commonly seen serrations dromaeosaurus tooth - blade-like meat-slicing tooth tyrannosaurus tooth - bulbous bone-crushing tooth
26
what were teeth like in small theropods?
pointed serrations
27
what did recurved teeth help with?
curved to fit in the jaw properly kept prey in the mouth so it did not escape
28
what were teeth like in large theropods, specifically in tyrannosaurids?
bulbous, rounded serrations
29
what animal are theropod teeth replacement similar to?
sharks
30
what species of theropods have no teeth?
ornithomimosaurs
31
what did ornithomimosaurs do to eat even without teeth?
(stomach stones)
32
what do oviraptors used to eat instead of teeth?
peg-like projection in the center of their palate
32
what are the sense of tyrannosaurs like
very good smell very good sight as a whole the senses were strong
33
what is binocular vision?
the ability to use two eyes to create a 3D object
34
what was the binocular vision range in t rex?
55 degrees
35
what theropods have very good hearing
troodontids and ornithomimosaurs
36
what gave theropod tails rigidity past the base?
zygapophyses on each neutral arch
37
why were theropod tails rigid
helped with balance and speed
38
what can we conclude about theropod brain size?
large brain size compared to body size
39
how were we able to discover what dinosaurs ate?
fossilized feces stomach contents tooth marks on bones
40
what are melanosomes?
cells that produce colour found in dinosaur feathers and eggshells
41
how was sexual dimorphism/sexual selection displayed in dinosaurs?
frills, horns, crests, coloured feathers
42
what are different coloured eggs for?
blue/green - camouflage to be hidden out in the open white - buried
43
what is evidence for dinosaurs competing for mates?
dug up trenches to try and impress females
44
what are avitheropoda?
theropods with a lot of bird-like features
45
what are the two clades within avitheropoda?
carnosauria coelurosauria
46
what lineages are a part of coelurosauria?
tyrannosaurids compsognathids ornithomimosaurids maniraptora
47
what two clades make up paraves?
deinonychosauria avialae
47
what is a significant development found in paraves?
extremely high intelligence
48
what clades is deinonychosauria split into?
dromaeosauridae troodontidae
49
what is unidirectional respiration?
air flows the same way in both inhalation and exhalation maximizes air efficiency
50
what is the first step of unidirectional respiration?
the animal inhales air into the trachea and posterior air sacs, which expand
51
what is the second step of unidirectional respiration?
air is moved to the lungs where is it is deoxygenated
52
what is the third step of unidirectional respiration?
the air is then stored in the anterior air sacs, which expand and fill with deoxygenated air
53
what is the fourth step in unidirectional respiration?
the animal exhales the deoxygenated air in the lungs and the anterior air sac and it is expelled through contraction in the trachea
54
if tyrannosaurs had feathers where were they likely to be?
on its back
54
why are larger theropods not likely as feathered as smaller theropods?
larger size = lower surface area to volume ratio = less heat loss = less need for feathers as insulation
55
what is arguably the most important dinosaur fossil ever found and why?
archaeopteryx it was the first proof of dinosaurs being feathered
55
what is the avialae clade?
includes all living birds and archaeopteryx
56
what are the two theories for the development of flight?
arboreal hypothesis cursorial hypothesis
57
what is the arboreal hypothesis?
birds began to fly by jumping off a trees and gliding, eventually learning to flap their wings
58
what is the cursorial hypothesis?
birds began to fly by running and leaping on the ground and flapping their wings to become airborne
59
how did the sizes of theropods change over time?
early theropods very large and most of them gradually got smaller over time
60
what were features that archaeopteryx had that were not passed to modern birds?
teeth and gastralia no synsacrum bony tail grew much slower large olfactory bulbs
61
what is the most prominent feature that links birds and theropod dinosaurs?
unique moon-shaped wrist bone (semi-lunate carpal) along with a three fingered hand
62
what is the purpose of the semi-lunate carpals?
what are major evolutionary steps from non-avian theropods to birds (in order of appearance)?
63
what are the two major muscles for flight?
pectoralis supracoracoideus
63
what does the pectoralis muscle power?
used in the downward (power) stroke in flight
64
what does the supracoracoideus muscle power?
used in the upward (recovery) stroke in flight
65
what are characters associated with sauropoda?
relatively small skull teeth with coarse crowns at least ten neck vertebrae that formed their very long neck big thumb with a long claw elongate femur
66
what are prosauropods?
primitive sauropods
67
how did sauropods walk?
evolved to be obligate quadrupeds most have shorter back legs than front legs to support this lifestyle
67
what are sauropod bodies designed for?
designed to eat as much as possible while spending the least amount of energy
68
how did sauropods digest food?
gastroliths (stomach stones)
69
what are the three types of sauropod teeth?
leaf-shaped - prosauropod broad pencil-like
70
what were sauropod teeth used for?
stripping vegetation
71
where is the sauropod nose hole located?
in front of the eyes instead of at the front of the skull
72
what was used for muscle and ligament attachments in the necks of sauropods?
zygapophyses
72
what is the nuchal ligament?
ligament in sauropods that runs from the head, down the neck, and to the base of the tail supports the neck and the head
72
what are the bifurcated vertebral spine of sauropods?
where the spine basically splits in two to cradle the nuchal ligament properly
73
what stance do the front feet of sauropods have?
digitigrade - toes are supporting weight
73
what stance do the back feet of sauropods have?
plantigrade - entire foot supports weight
74
what do sauropod tracks tell us about their social interactions?
often travel in groups/herds socialable
75
what sauropod do we have very few skeletal finds of?
brachiosaurus
75
approximately how heavy was a sauropod heart?
400 kg
76
what were some special features some species of sauropods had?
armour dorsal spines long tail as a defensive whip
77
what were methods for estimating the weight of dinosaurs?
water displacement of a sculpted model of the dinosaur comparing cross-sectional areas of bones laser scanning of skeletal material digital reconstruction using density calculations
78
what characteristics that ornithischians developed for?
for herbivore food consumption
79
Ornithischia and Thyreophorans why were their bodies wide?
held onto their guts and helped with the digestion of plants
80
Ornithischia and Thyreophorans did they have feathers?
yes single fiber, hair-like
80
what did ornithischians do that only also mammals do?
chew their food
80
what are the three sections of the ornithischian skull?
cropping part at front with blade-like incisors a diastema (gap) that is toothless cheek teeth/molars
80
what were ornithischian teeth like?
flat + soft for chewing plants
80
why were ornithischians able to get more grind out of their chews?
they had springs in their jaws
81
what are genasauria?
ornithischians with cheeks and chewing teeth
81
what two groups does genasauria split into?
thyreophora cerapoda
82
what are thyreophora?
armoured dinosaurs gastonia (ankylosaurs) stegosaurs
82
what were cerapoda?
horned dinosaurs triceratops
82
what are defining characters of thyreophrans?
pointy cheekbones that stick out (jugal) dermal armour on the back of their body (scutes) elongated ilium
82
what are characters of stegosauria?
back vertebrae with tall neural arches plates imbedded in the skin narrow head chopping teeth small brain but large olfactory bulbs
82
what were the plates of stegosauria used for?
heat radiator
82
what is the sexual dimorphism of stegosauria plates?
larger plates = male smaller plates = female
82
what do we know of the plates of stegosauria?
not sure how many they have not sure if they are in one row or two (likely two)
82
what dinosaur has the smallest brain for brain to mass ratio?
stegosaurus 0.001%
82
what two groups does ankylosauria split into?
nodosauridae ankylosauridae
82
what are characters of nodosauridae?
long snout no tail club muscled shoulders
82
what are characters of ankylosauridae?
fewer tail spines along body massive club on end of tail short + broad head
83
what was the tail club on ankylosauridae made of?
fused bone and ossified tendons
83
what does the hyoid bone allow for?
them to have a flexible tongue
83
what could ankylosauridae do at the same time
chew and breathe at the same time
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Discovering Dinosaurs (4 decks)

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