Mid Term 1 reveiw Flashcards
1
Q
What are some early views on dinosaurs
A
Slow, dull cumbersome behemoths
2
Q
What are some modern day views of dinosaurs
A
Fats, agile and smart
2
Q
What does the word Sauros mean
A
Lizard
3
Q
What does the word Deinos mean
A
Terrible
4
Q
What is a theory
A
A general principle explaining something in nature that is supported by a substantial body of evidence
4
Q
When was the word dinosaur coined
A
1842 by Richard Owens
5
Q
What is the scientific method
A
Procedural steps to solve a problem and get an explanation
6
Q
How does science proceed as a legal beate
A
It does not
7
Q
What is a Law
A
a description of a natural phomenon that invariably holds true under specific conditions
7
Q
What is a hypothesis
A
An educated guess based on observations
8
Q
What is needed for the preservation of fossils
A
The presence of a hard part( Shell, Bones Teeth) , Rapid burial by sediments with the removal of oxygen
8
Q
How old is earth
A
4.55 billion years old
8
Q
What is a model
A
A hypothesis that has at least limited validity
9
Q
What is a fossil
A
remains or trace of a plant or animal that has been preserved in the earth’s crust
9
Q
What is James Huttons definition of uniformitarianism
A
The process that shaped Earth through geological timee are the same as those observed today
9
Q
What is Charles Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism
A
The present is the key to the past
10
Q
What is Stratigraphy
A
description and classification of strata in sedimentary rocks
11
Q
What is Superposition
A
older rocks are below younger rocks
11
Q
What is Original Horizontality
A
Sediments are deposited in horizontal layers
12
Q
What era where dinosaurs found in
A
Mesozoic era
13
Q
What is replacement
A
Original skeleton material is replaced by silicification
13
Q
What is permineralization
A
Minerals such as quartz or calcite impregnate original mateerial of fossil
14
Q
How many Classes and Phyla are commonly found as fossils
A
8 Classes and 6 Phyla
15
Q
What are the 2 types of calcium that can be perserved as a fossil
A
Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate
16
What type of animal is a Phylum Cnidaria
Coral reefs
16
What are the 2 types of Calcuim Carbonates
Calcite and aragonite
17
What is Calcite
Form of Calcium Carbonate that is generally stable
18
What is Aragonite
Form of Calcium Carbonate That is less state and dissolves easier
19
What class is Phylum Cnidaria
Anthozoa
20
What from of Calcium do Phylum Cnidaria Use
Calcite
21
What class is Phylum Brachiopoda
Articulata
22
What form of Calcium do Brachiopoda use
Calcite
23
WHat class is Phylum Mollusca
Pelecypoda
24
What class is Phylum Mollusca
Gastropoda
24
What form of calcium do Phylum Mollusca use
aragonitic
25
What form of calcium do Phylum Mollusca use
aragonitic
26
What form of Calcium do Phylum Mollusca use
Aragonitic
26
What class os Phylum Arthropoda
Trilobita
26
What class is Phylum Mollusca
Cephalopoda
27
What form of calcium do Phylum Arthropoda use
Calcite
28
What type of calcium do Phylum Echinodermate use
Calcite
28
What class is Phylum Echinodermata
Crinoidea
29
What class is Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
30
What type of calcium do Phylum Chordata use
Calcium Phosphate
31
What process occurs when an animal dies
decay
32
What is Taphonomy
The study of everything that happens to an organism between death and fossilization
33
What 2 elements is fossilization racing between
decay and fossilization
33
What is Lagerstatten
A Lagerstätte is a deposit with exceptional fossil preservation, either in terms of quantity or quality
34
In Deltaic environments, What elements are favored for soft body fossilization
nitrate and iron reduction
35
In deep marine environments, what element is favored, for soft body fossilization
sulfate reduction
35
What do fossils tell us
provides info on animnals known form their hard parts
Reveals unknown animals
Provides more complete pictures of ancien ecology
Shows evolutionary history
36
What are Ichnofossils
Preserved activity of an organism. forms of burrows, footprints
36
What are the 4 steps in finding fossils
Planning
Prospecting
Collecting
Preparing and Curating
37
What is the Mantle
3000 km thick
mostly solid
iron and magnesium
37
What is the Outer Core
a. fluid (similar to water)
b. similar composition to inner core
c. 2000 km thick
38
What is the inner core
a. solid
b. mostly metallic iron (90%)
c. 1300 km thick
39
What is the Asthenisphere
Hot, flowing layer of low
strength rock below
lithosphere
Present to an average
depth of 250 km
Continuous
40
What is the Lithosphere
outermost layer
average thickness 100 km
(few km near mid-ocean
ridges up to 400 km thick
beneath continents)
41
What is sedimentary rock
formed from the
products of weathering and erosion
42
What is Igneous Rock
formed from molten material
43
What is metamorphic rock
already-formed rocks
that have undergone change
44
Who proposed Continental drift
Alfred Wegener
45
When did pangea occur
Late triassic
46
What is Gondwana
Pangaea has
begun to breakup while the southern continent
47
When did Gondwana occur
Late Jurassic
48
What is italicized generic
animal genus
49
What is specific
Species name
50
Who developed the classification of animal s
Carolus Linneus
51
What are Analogos structure
Structures that are not Homologous but may perform similar function
51
What is Homologous structures
2 animals have a very similar atomical structure that can be traced back to a common ancestor
52
53
What are derived Characteristics
“diagnostic”
and specifies an evolved condition of that character
in a descendent
53
53
What is a Primitive Characteristic
specifies the
condition of a particular feature in the ancestor
54
What is Parsimony
the explanation with the least necessary steps is
probably the best one
use of shared derived characters leads to the
most parsimonious conclusion
55
What is Ontogeny
changes an organism goes through over
its life span
56
Isometric scaling
happens when proportional relationships
are preserved as size changes during growth or over
evolutionary time. Example: frogs grow isometrically.
Therefore, a frog whose legs are as long as its body will
retain that relationship throughout its life, even if the frog itself
increases in size tremendously.
57
Allometric scaling
is any change that deviates from isometry
58
What era are Phylum Chordata from
Cambrian
58
What mapping tecnique can allow us to construct a full history of life
cladogram
58
What is the oldest fossil to exhibit Chordata characteristics
Pikaia gracilens
58
What are the 3 Characters of Chordata
* Pharyngeal gills
* Notochord
* Nerve cord
58
Gnathostomata
vertebrates with true jaws
58
What 2 primitive chordates are still alive today
the
cephalochordate Amphioxus and (b) the urochordate
Ciona
59
Vertebrata
Diagnostic
characters include a mineralized internal skeleton divided
into discrete pieces called elements, differentiation of
cranial nerves, development of eyes, and other features.
60
Osteichthyes
refers to bone fish
61
Actinopterygii
having ray fish
62
Sarcopterygii
flesh finned fish
62
For tetrapods, what is a girdles
Limbs attached to column by groups of bones
63
What is Amniota
the monophyletic group that
includes birds, mammals, and all the descendants of their
most recent common ancestor
63
Tetrapoda
4 footed animal
64
for tetrapods, what is the head composed of
skull and mandible (lower jaw)
65
What is amnion
the invention of a special membrane for
the egg-bound, developing embryo
66
What tetrapods are
frogs and salamanders
67
What is the Hierarchical system ranking organisms in groups of decreasing size
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
68
Did charles darwin come up with evolution
no, he came up with the idea of natural selection
69
What are the 3 major groups of Amniotes
Anapsids, synapsids, diapsids
70
what is a anapsid
no post-orbital temporal fenestra (openings in the skull roof behind the eyes
71
WHat is a Synapsids
a single temporal fenestra
72
WHat is a Diapsids
two temporal fenestrae
73
What is Lepidosauromorpha
composed of snakes, lizards, the
tuatara, and a number of extinct lizard-like diapsids, including the large marine mosasaurs
74
Archosauria
Teeth in sockets, antorbital fenestra (hole in front of eye socket)
75
What are the 2 sister clades of Ornithodira
Pterosauri and dinosauria
76
Dinosaurs can be diagnosed by these shared, derived characters:
1) Elongate deltopectoral crest on humerus (upper arm)
2) Perforate acetabulum (hip socket)
3) Fibula contacts ≤ 30 % of astragulus (ankle) (tibia supports weight)
4) Epipophyses (bony projections) on cervical (neck) vertebrae
5) Asymmetrical 4th trochanter on femur (thighbone)
77
What are the 2 sister clades of dinosauria
Saurischia and ornithischia
78
Saurischia
lizard-like hip or pelvis, with pubis directed anteriorly (forward), and slightly downward
79
Ornithischia
bird-like pelvis, at least a part of the pubis runs posteriorly
80
When did early dinosauromorpha apear in
Middle and early Late Triassic
81
When did Dinosauria appear
late Upper Triassic of South America, and spreading globally and completely taking over from the
Dinosauromorpha by the very end of the Triassic
82
What did john ostrom find in 1970s
oldest “bird” known,
Archaeopteryx, was also a dinosaur
83
Was is the original purpose of feathers
insolation
84
What were the Sequential stages in the evolution of feathers
Type 1) simple, hollow, cylindrical filaments (hair-like)
Type 2) tufts of elongate multiple filaments
Type 3) filament tufts align in a single plane while also developing barbs and barbules
Type 4) “closed” vane with interlocking barbs and barbules, providing a rigid structure (“contour” feather)
Type 5) vane becomes asymmetrical (e.g. a flight feather)
85
WHat aspects does Taphonimy include
decay, disarticulation, transport, fragmentation, accumulation, sorting, burial, and
disturbance
86
Alpha decay
loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, atomic mass goes down by 4
87
Beta decay
extra neutron emits 1 electron, becomes a proton, mass stays same, # of protons goes
up by 1
88
What is Relative age dating
Order of events occurring relative to one another
89
Absolute age dating
Providing an actual numerical age of rock or event by Radiometric dating
