Mid term 2 Flashcards
Psychoses
psychological disorder, loss of contact with reality
Schizophrenia
psychotic, most common (1 in 100), comorbid with depression, anxiety and substance abuse.
comorbid
additional disease or condition which co-occurs with the primary diagnosis.
diagnose
mental illness is diagnosed based on subjective reports of behavioral changes.
DSM 3
multiaxial system; 1: clinical syndrome (schi)
2; personality disorder
3; medical conditions
4; psychosical (rape)
5; global assessment of functioning scale.
DSM 5
single axis scale; 1-3 merged, 4 was replaced with the ICD coding system, and 5 was eliminated.
why were DSM 5 changed made?
Destigmatize disorders, increase worldwide consistence, consistency with the ICD.
3 categories of symptoms schi
Positive; negative, disorganized (erratic behavior, motor, emotion)
delusions
are strongly held beliefs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary.
2 types delusion
Bizarre; implausible,
non-bizarre; false, somewhat plausible, surveillance.
*the most common are persecutory delusions,
Hallucinations
perception in the absence of an actual sensory stimulus. Any of the senses.
negative symptoms A’s
Apathy; lack of desire to get started, problem with day-today function.
Anhedonia: without pleasure
Autism: oneself,
Affect Flatten: reduction in range and intensity of emotion.
Alogia
a poverty of speech.
schi, diagnosis
5; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms.
Must have one of the first three.
Must demonstrate 2 for 6 months.
why were the 5 types of schi eliminated from DSM 5?
low reliability, poor validity, and did not predict patterns of disease progression or therapeutic potential.
Problems with the diagnostic model
- honest reporting
- application of criteria inconsistent between medial professionals
- not direct link to ideal therapeutic plan
- does not predict therapeutic response
- diagnosis is only possible once symptoms have manifested.
Biomarker
objectively measurable indicator of a biological process which can be used as a predictor of an organisms physiological state.
How can biomarkers be used
prognostic; identify ppl at high risk for developing disease prior to symptoms.
Diagnostic: identification of disease
Theranostic; identify the appropriate therapy and predict therapeutic response.
Saccades
Fast jumping eye movements between fixation points. eye tracking deficit, 98 % accurate, biomarker
schi genes
the amount of DNA shared with an affected family member is directly related to one’s risk of developing schi.
schi stress
- stressors increase risk
2. and the initial psychotic break leading to diagnosis is almost always preceded by a stressful event.
schi neuroanatomical
reduction in brain weight, enlargement of the ventricles, this suggests a neurodegenerative component to schi
Neurodegeneration
Process which leads to neuronal damage and or death
reduced brain weight
- frontal, temporal volume= cognitive and language deficits.
- basil ganglia; reduced emotional control and motoric changes
- hippocampus; learning and memory deficits.
Dopamine hypothesis; schi
that symptoms are due to excess dopamine.
- antipsychotic drugs blck D2 receptors and stop symptoms.
- And drugs that release dopamine, may produce psychosis similar to schizophrenia.
- The problem is that antipsychotics are only partially effective,
relative activity of dopaminergic pathways
Hyperactivity: mesolimbic connections VTA, NA, hippocampus, overstimulate D2 receptors. positive symptoms.
Hypoactivity: mesocortical VTA, PFC, under stimulate the D1 receptors, negative symptoms.
GABA, Glutamate;
contribute to imbalance in dopamine signalling between the basal ganglia and the PFC
Antipsychotic
Haldol; improve positive symptoms, block D2,
Atypical; Seroquel, improve both positive and negative symptoms,
side effects; anti psychotics
Hyperprolactinemia: breast development, milk production.
Extrapyramidal symptom; spasms, rigidity, tardive dyskinesia.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Tardive dyskinesia
similar to Parkinson’s disease, often permanent.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
muscle stiffness, dif, breathing, can be fatal.
schi
40-60% quit medication within a year, symptoms can return in a week.
Big problem
not beliefs, hallucination, BUT social interactions, what others say, or what they think someone is thinking. Therapies dont address this.
4 f’s hypothalamus
feed, fight, flee, fuck
pleasure
positive feedback, strengthens memory that associates the two, thus increasing the likelihood that you will repeat the behavior.