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NEUR 1202 > Mid term 1 > Flashcards

Mid term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

PAD

A

pia matter, arachnoid matter, sub arachnoid space, dura matter

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2
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight, and Parasympathetic rest and digest.

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3
Q

Glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, schwann cells

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4
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the CNS and PNS.

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5
Q

Microglial cells

A

Are the only immune system in the brain. See auto immune disorders. Clearing cellular debris and dead neurons from nervous tissue through the process of phagocytosis (cell eating)

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6
Q

Astro- cytes

A

feed and keep the neurons in place *they can support multiple axons.

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7
Q

Motor effrant

A

signals from the brain to the body

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8
Q

nerve

A

A collection of axons in the CNS

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9
Q

Auto-receptor

A

(Pre-synaptic) Negative feedback loop. to reduce the release of NT in the presynaptic neuron.

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10
Q

Summation

A

all signals add IPSP and EPSP

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11
Q

summation

A

spatial summation and temporal summation

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12
Q

Depolarize

A

change from -70mv towards zero

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13
Q

hyperpolarize

A

a change from -70mv to -90mv.

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14
Q

Hormones

A

Molecules produced by glands and broadcast the signal. Hormones bind to receptors located in distant target organs which regulate and control physiological and behavioural activities.

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15
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Testerone and Cortisol, are fat-soluble and synthesized from cholesterol enter target cells to affect DNA controlling protein production.

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16
Q

peripheral NS– Somatic

A

All nerves that carry incoming affrerent sensory information from our sense organs to the CNS and outgoing efferent motor information to….

**Allows us to interact with our environment

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17
Q

Peripheral NS– autonomic

A

all sensory and motor connections to our internal organs.

**Regulates the internal organs and glands

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18
Q

Peripheral–autonomic—sympathetic

A

nerves send arousing signals from the CNS to the body preparing us for flight or fight.
**Arousing

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19
Q

peripheral–autonomic–parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

**Calming…

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20
Q

directions

A 
anterior= rostral
posterior = caudal
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21
Q

meninges

A

PAD

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22
Q

Brain

A

Cerebrum: largest, voluntary processes
Brainstem: involuntary processes (respiration, heart beat)

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23
Q

brain– outside

A 
gyrus; bumps
sulcus; groove
Longitudinal fissure; sagital
lateral fissure; temporal lobe
central sulcus; coronal
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24
Q

the cerebrum

A

Right hemisphere: left side body, emotion, spatial orientation, facial recognition, appreciate art/music.

Left: language, math, logic

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25
Q

neocortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal etc

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26
Q

corpus callosum

A

firm body

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27
Q

Basal ganglia

A

movement, habit

  1. caudate nucleus
  2. putamen (both together know striatum)
  3. globus pallidus

and… subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

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28
Q

limbic system

A
  1. cingulate cortex; emotion and memory
  2. amygdala; fear, agression, emotional memories
  3. hippocampus; learning, memory, spatial navigation
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29
Q

brainstem

A

oldest part of the brain

  1. diencephalon
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain
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30
Q

Diencephalon

A

integrates sensory and motor information

  1. thalamus; processes all incoming sensory information.
  2. hypothalamus; maintains homeostasis, hormones with pituitary gland
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31
Q

midbrain

A

contains neural circuitry required for vision, hearing, and alertness. it also contains nuclei composed of dopaminergic neurons involved in the regulation of movement and feelings of reward

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32
Q

Hindbrain

A

coordinates vital bodily functions.

  1. Pons
  2. medulla; breathing and heart rate.
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33
Q

3 main cells in the brain

A
  1. neurons
  2. astrocytes
  3. oligodendrocytes
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34
Q

wire

A

in the CNS it is called a tract

In the PNS it is called a nerve

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35
Q

equilibrium

A

a difference in states is known as potential, and it can be used to do work.

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36
Q

action potential

A

spreading depolarizations, starts at axon hillock, then spreads down; propagation…

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37
Q

action potential; speed

A

unmyelinated; 30 m/sex

myelinated; 120 m/sec

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38
Q

Neurotransmission

A
  1. neurotransmitters are synthesized and stored in vesicles at the axon terminal.
  2. Vesicles are transported to the presynaptic membrane and released
  3. Neurotransmitters bind and activate their receptors on post synaptic membrane
  4. Transmitters are deactivated; reuptake, diffuse, taken up by glia
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39
Q

postsynaptic potentials are graded

A

IPSP, EPSP; transmitters: glutamate are excitatory.

Transmitters; GABA are inhibitory.

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40
Q

Hormones

A

produced by glands

  1. Exocrine glands; outside, produce fluids and secrete them onto an endothelial surface by way of a duct (tears, sweat)
  2. Endocrine glands; inside, hormones to bloodstream (pituitary)
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41
Q

Autosecretory synapses

A

neurotransmitter to bloodstream, endfoot synapses on a blood vessel.

42
Q

3 chemical classes of hormones

A

Steroid; synethesized from cholestrerol, fat soluble, synthesized on demand (testosterone)

  1. peptide/protein; chain of amino acids by cells own machinery based on its genetic material
  2. Monoamine; modified amino acids, stored in vesicles, may also act as transmitters in CNS.
43
Q

Lipophilic

A

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholestrerol, and pass easily through the cell membrane

44
Q

Peptide and monoamine hormone.

A

Bind to metabotropic receptors, G proteins coupled to these receptors are activated leading to the release of secondary messengers.

45
Q

3 classes of hormones

A
  1. homeostatic; insulin, essential to life, metabolic balance
  2. Gonadal; testosterone, reproductive function,
  3. Glucocorticoids; Cortisol, stress response.
46
Q

Neuroendocrine integration

A

reciprocal, the endocrine system can modulate behaviour, increase the likelihood of a behaviour, BUT behaviour can alter hormones. The NS can override the normal control of the endocrine system (stress).

47
Q

Hierarchical control of hormones

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary gland (secretes releasing hormones influence—_
  3. Target enocrine glands (hormones to blood)
  4. Target organs and tissues (**Hormones affect almost every neuron in the brain.)
48
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland,

  1. anterior; connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels
  2. posterior; hypothalamus by axons.
49
Q

Feedback

A

A cycle where the output of a system is looped back to act as an input thereby regulating the system

50
Q

2 types feedback

A

positive; uterine contractions lead to oxytocin release which stimulate more contractions.
Negative; insulin in response to high blood glucose, stimulate glucose uptake, thus lower blood glucose.

51
Q

Stress: HPA axis

A
  1. hypothalamus (releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release Adreno-cortico-tropic releasing hormone (ACTH)
  3. ACTH acts on the adrenal glands which releases glucocorticoids; cortisol.
52
Q

GAS

A
  1. Alarm SAM acis activated, epinephrine, norepinephrine
  2. Resistance; adaptations take place to help cope with prolonged stressors; HPA activate, cortisol,
  3. Exhaustion; resources depleted, unable to cope with the prolonged stressor.
53
Q

Monoamine hormones

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

54
Q

Stress

A

shuts down pre-frontal,

BUT the problem is that all stressors are considered equally important….

55
Q

epinephrine receptor

A

The adrenergic receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine.

56
Q

Somatic cell

A

Has 46 strands of DNA, 23 pairs, or chromosomes which holds an organisms entire DNA sequence

57
Q

Genes

A

Gene stretch of DNA encode a protein, each gene may take multiple forms: allele.

58
Q

Allele

A

dominant, recessive, the set of alleles an organism possesses for a specific gene is referred to as its genotype.

59
Q

Huntington

A

Is an autosomal dominant genetic disease that appears around midlife and results in motor and cognitive disturbances.

60
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Autosomal recessive disease. Caused by the loss of a gene that encodes the enzyme necessary for breaking down gangliosides, these accumulate in the cell membrane thus killing the cell.

61
Q

Down syndrome

A

Extra copy chromosome 21

62
Q

Phenotype

A

Siamese cats have an allele that allows for temperature sensitive pigmentation,

Observable charateristics from genotype envr interaction

63
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of changes in gene expression without changes to the DNA sequence

64
Q

Influences to gene expression

A
  1. DNA methylation
  2. Histone modification (methylation, acetylation)
  3. Non-coding RNA’s
65
Q

DNA open or closed

A 
open = euchromatin
closed = heterochromatin
66
Q

Histone modification–acetylation

A

Acetylation of histones is associated with open chromatin that attracts readers or transcription factors which promote transcription.

67
Q

Depending on the location of the methylation on the histone

A
  1. suppress by blocking the DNA from unspooling.

2. Stimulate transcription by loosening chromatic

68
Q

Immune system

A

decentralized, all immune cells develop from precursors found in the bone marrow, organs of the immune system are connected by the circulatory system allowing immune cells to travel take action.

69
Q

2 phases of immune response

A
  1. innate immune response, fast, non-specific, Macrophages.

2. Adaptive; slow specific, cellular and antibody mediated component. also has an immune memory.

70
Q

innate immune

A

express Toll like receptors (TLR) which recognize general molecular patterns present on most pathogens and lead to the phagocytosis.

when activated, release cytokines into circulation and may present antigens to cells of the adaptive immune system.

71
Q

Antigens

A

Are molecules derived from pathogens, allergens or even host-cells.

72
Q

Adaptive immune

A

Cytokine mediated, antigen specific response, 4-7 days,

develop pathogen specific effectors, immune memory

73
Q

2 parts adaptive immune

A
  1. Cellular mediate immunity; T cells directly attack.
  2. Antibody mediated immunity; B-cells, bone marrow, antibodies bind to antigens on the pathogen in order to neutralize or kill
74
Q

immune system

A

chemical communication, cytokines, specific receptors. Coordinate immune response.

75
Q

Immune privileged

A

tolerate antigens without the induction of inflammatory response. (eyes, CNS)

76
Q

Blood-brain-barrier

A

The endothelial cells, same cells in the body, but the brain have tight junctions.

77
Q

Microglia

A

immune system in the brian

78
Q

Theory embodied cognition

A

That the brain maintains a dynamic relationship with the rest of the body.

79
Q

Vagus nerve 10

A

parasympathetic innervation of heart, digestive,

*90% of the afferent connections

80
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Rat with sweet, it is the study of the interaction between the mind and the immune system.

81
Q

Hormetic stress

A

produces a positive biological response.

82
Q

long term stress

A

Stress leads to impaired HPA axis, high levels of cortisol = depressed immune system, cause break down in signaling,

83
Q

Limbic system

A

Cingulate cortex; emotional processing, memory

Amygdala; fear, sex

84
Q

cerebellum

A

movement; ex, a sloth would have a small cerebellum.

85
Q

2 organizations of cell bodies

A

layers, and clusters (clusters are what create the white and grey matter,)

86
Q

action potential

A

Domino from axon hillock, each ion channel snaps open; propagating,

87
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier; the signal can skip down the axon much faster.

88
Q

Neurotransmitter

A 
glutamate = excitatory
GABA = inhibitory
89
Q

Action potential threshold

A

threshold -50mv

90
Q

3 neurotransmitter categories

A

Small molecules

  1. Amines (dopamine, serotonin)
  2. Amino acids (glutamate)
  3. other; Acetylcholine (Ach)

Peptides (oxytocin.

Transmitter gasses (nitric oxide).

91
Q

NS

A

the nervous system can override the endocrine system (blood glucose level).

92
Q

stress

A

Is anything that moves us from our homeostatic balance.

93
Q

Cortisol

A

Inform of what is going on in the body. Important for metabolism, ion channels, immune system, memory formation

94
Q

Stress pathway

A

The SAM axis and HPA axis are not mutually exclusive.

95
Q

Acetylations

A

Reader, transcription factor, epigenetic marks can persist.

96
Q

Glucocorticoid receptor

A

Activated during high stress needed to shut off cortisol. Inattentive moms created babies with an inability to shut off stress response.

97
Q

T cells

A

cytoxix

98
Q

Cytokines

A

chemical communication of the immune system. Specific receptors,

99
Q

CNS no longer immune privileged.

A

The lymphatic system wraps around the brain.

100
Q

How does the vagus nerve communicate?

A

Paraganglia; If it is severed, individuals dont show sickness behaviour.

NEUR 1202 (3 decks)

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