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HANSEN - FIS > Mid Term > Flashcards

Mid Term Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of crime scene photos

A

Overall
Midrange
Closeup

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2
Q

What is the process of using an object visible in two adjacent photographs to ensure you adequately capture the area in your photos

A

Linkage

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3
Q

Two types of flash photography that can be used to properly illuminate a scene at night

A

Rear sync
Slow sync

Multiple flash at camera
Multiple flash away from camera
Synchronized flash on camera

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4
Q

Three ways to increase the depth of field

A

Smaller aperture (close aperture)
Shorter focal length
Increase camera to subject distance

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5
Q

Elements required to ensure photographs are deemed admisable in court

A

Accurate representation of the scene
Proper prospective shown
Relevant
Unbiased

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6
Q

PPE you wear when swabbing for DNA

A

Gloves
Mask

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7
Q

Four good sources of DNA

A

Blood
Saliva
Semen
Vaginal fluid
Hair
Sweat

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8
Q

What are the three types of evidence

A

Testimony
Documentary
Physical

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9
Q

Non destructive search techniques for 2D footwear impressions

A

Oblique lighting
Grazed lighting
Electrostatic dust lifter

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10
Q

He is the pioneer responsible for the basic theory of crime scene examinations and when two objects make contact there is a transfer of material that occurs.

A

Edmond LOCARD

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11
Q

Three types of fingerprints

A

Visible
Latent
Molded

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12
Q

Three things that should be included in your markings

A

R number
Date
Initials
File number
(Arrow)

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13
Q

What is your responsibility when using powders

A

Know your materials
Protect self
Use PPE

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14
Q

Information provided by footwear impressions

A

Point of entry
Point of exit
Possible number of suspects
Link between crime scenes

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15
Q

Three main areas of the palm

A

Interdigital
Thenar
Hypothenar

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16
Q

Three main creases of the palm

A

top
Middle
Bottom

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17
Q

Three general fingerprint patterns

A

Loop
Whorl
Arch

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18
Q

What is the calculated error rate in the FBI-Noblis black box study

A

0.1%

(0.17%)

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19
Q

What is the indication of a twisting motion in a fingerprint

A

C shape or inverted C shape

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20
Q

What are the two questions that should be answered when reaching an identification opinion

A

Is there sufficient agreement in the friction ridge detail to identify

Is there agreement of friction ridge detail between the unknown and known sample

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the analysis portion of the ACE-V process

A

ascertain whether an impression is suitable for comparison
Gather information
Stage where all elements of fingerprint are analyzed in an objective manner

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22
Q

What are the parts of a cartridge

A

Projectile
Casing
Powder
Primer

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23
Q

What does bullet trajectory tell you

A

Where the shooter was
Where to look for evidence

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24
Q

What is cratering

A

The blow out of glass on the opposite side of a piece of glass that a projectile has gone through indicating direction of projectile through the glass - looks and feels like a crater

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25
What are the ways to reduce shadows in studio photography
Black background Light table Light diffusion Raise object
26
Why are fingerprints unique
Random timing Random pressure Random growth
27
What are the four premises of friction ridge skin development
Develop before birth Persistent except permanent scarring Unique and never repeated Patterns vary within limits
28
What is pattern force
Anticipated appearance of certain features in specific parts of a patterns ridge flow due to stresses placed on the developing friction ridge skin in that area
29
Quantitative / qualitative
If the quality of an impression is good, the amount of features can be less - good quality and low tolerance If the quality of an impression is poor, the amount of features you need is greater - low quality and high tolerance
30
What are the three types of development powders
Regular Fluorescent Magnetic
31
Why aperture setting in forensics
Controls depth of field
32
What are the three parts of a pixel
Size Location Colour value
33
What are the three parts of the exposure triangle
Aperture Shutter speed ISO
34
Why do we calibrate an impression
to be able to print life size
35
When we resize an image do we keep the same number of pixels
Yes
36
What type of evidence do experts provide
Opinion evidence
37
What are the four points as per R v Mohan for expert opinion testimony
Relevant Necessary for the trier of fact Absent of any exclusionary rule Property qualified expert
38
Who studied bias in forensic science
Itiel DROR
39
What are the layers of the epidermis
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
40
What are the three layers of the skin
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
41
What are your four responsibilities when collecting evidence
Identify each piece Describe where located Prove continuity Describe any changes
42
What are two types of 2D footwear impressions
Wet origin impression Dry origin impression
43
What are destructive methods of search techniques for footwear impressions
Powders Chemicals
44
What is required in the introduction of a crime scene video recording
Date and time Location File # Person recording Any other person present
45
What are two types of bias
Confirmation Contextual
46
What is the premise of the inverse square law
Intensity of light is reduced the further away from source you go Intensity of light is = 1 divided by distance squared Intensity of light decreases with the square of distance at the source Every time you double the distance from the light source you drop the light 75%
47
Tangen study error rate novice vs. Expert
55.18%
48
Two types of non flash night photography
Painting with light Available light
49
Can incipient ridges be used for identification
Yes
50
What are incipient ridges
Immature ridges that form in furrows between normal ridges Did not fully develop at start of secondary ridge development Thinner and fragmented ridges
51
What happens during time of differentiation
Secondary ridges begin to form ceasing development of primary ridge development
52
Between what weeks does time of differentiation occur
15-17 weeks
53
Where are short ridges common
Near the delta
54
What is black fingerprint powder best used on
Light coloured background, porcelain, china, wood, painted wood, metal, high gloss paper,
55
What is silver/lightening powder best used on
Dark surfaces, clean clean glass, silverware, chrome/nickel/plated surfaces
56
What is chemist grey powder best used on
Slightly oily greasy sticky surfaces Polished furniture Black hard plastic Mirrors Windows/glass
57
Where is the best location for a scale on a fingerprint impression
Longitudinal to the print
58
Why do we enhance a digital impression?/
To improve contrast
59
What are photography techniques to reduce glare
Light diffusion Tenting Proper angle of illumination Reduce the intensity of light
60
What are three important factors for fingerprint photography
Proper exposure and illumination Sharp focus / depth of field Fill the frame
61
What ensure persistency of skin
Basal cell mitosis Structural elements
62
What are the structural elements
Basement membrane Dermal papillae Sweat glands Desmisomes
63
What is basal cell mitosis
Generated cell is pushed into the stratum spinosum from the stratum basale and moves up in a cylindrical way Cycle continues with each new cell pushing the older cell upwards toward surface of epidermis Take approx 30 days to migrate to surface and slough off
64
What is meant by random timing
Timing of onset of primary ridges development in conjunction with regression of volar pads Timing of onset of secondary ridge development (time of differentiation)
65
What is meant by random growth
Growth of the length of a friction ridge is random Path of a friction ridge Where it starts and stops Thickness and thinness of ridge Alignment, bifurcations, endings Pore locations and shapes
66
What is meant by random pressures
Pressures / stresses on skin from formation of major creases From size and shape of volar pads Growth of fingers and hands Neighbouring ridges Pressures in the womb Genetic and physical pressures
67
What are the 7 factors of analysis phase of ACE-V
Anatomical factors Substrate Matrix Development medium Deposition pressure Distortion Clarity/tolerance
68
What is the difference between volar skin and smooth skin
Volar - friction ridges, sweat glands, on palms of hand and sole of feet Smooth - no friction ridges, sweat and sebaceous glands, darker pigmentation, hair follicles
69
What are the stages of friction ridge development in weeks
3 weeks - epidermis is one cell thick 6 weeks - hand is paddle like, volar pads begin to form 8 weeks - fingers elongate and separate, flexion crease start to form, thumb rotates 10.5-12 weeks - volar pads begin to regress, primary ridges begin to form at the bottom of the epidermis, 15-17 weeks - secondary ridges begin to form ceasing development of primary ridges, known as time of differentiation 20 weeks - secondary ridge locations established, friction ridges visible, final configuration established 20-24 weeks - secondary ridges form to same depth as primary ridges, 23 weeks dermal papillae developed between primary and secondary ridges, 24 weeks process complete
70
What is a fingerprint
Impression left on a surface by the friction ridge skin of any part of a digit of the hand
71
What is involved in the suitability assessment of an impression
Unsuitable Suitable for comparison Suitable for identification Suitable for exclusion only Suitable for AFIS
72
What are anatomical factors
How the finger mark was left on a surface Digit determination
73
What is fingerprint specificity
Values, rarity and discriminating strength of features and neighbouring features
74
What are analysis red flags in ACE-V
Extra thick ridges Shadow ridges Crossovers Similar shaped major ridge path deviations in close proximity Lack of harmony or distortion Misaligned ridges / ridge units

HANSEN - FIS (7 decks)

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