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HANSEN - FIS > FIC - Week 1 > Flashcards

FIC - Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are primary ridges?

A

*Located beneath friction ridges on underside of the epidermis.
• Act as a ledge of tissue that supports the friction ridge.

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2
Q

What are secondary ridges?

A

• Located beneath furrows on underside of epidermis.
• Anchored more robustly than primary ridges. Furrows must be able
to absorb stresses of adjacent friction ridges.

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3
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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4
Q

Whose extensive research of fetal skin cross-sections showed the development of dermal papillae?

A

Alfred Hale, 1952

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5
Q

Whose research showed the dermal papillae are in two rows on the dermis, hugging the primary ridges located on the underside of the epidermis, and break down into smaller pegs as people age?

A

Michio Okajima, 1976

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6
Q

Basement Membrane Zone

A

• Fibrous sheet
• Contains elements of epidermis and dermis
• Fibers are interwoven
• Provides structural support for epidermis

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7
Q

Basal cell mitosis

A

• The generated cell is pushed into the stratum spinosum.
• The cycle continues with each new cell pushing the older cell towards the
surface of the epidermis.
• It takes approximately 30 days for a newly generated cell to migrate to the
surface.

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8
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

• Malleable, peg-like projections on top of the dermis fit into pockets on the underside of the epidermis.
• Run in two rows, between primary and secondary ridges, hugging the primary ridges.
• Presence of dermal papillae increases surface area of attachment between the epidermis and dermis, increasing the bond between the two layers adds to persistence of friction ridge skin.
• Change with age – break down into smaller units; more difficult to follow.

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9
Q

Ridge Dysplasia

A

• Friction ridges are fragmented, lack order, not fully formed.
• Result of genetic abnormality.

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10
Q

What are the structural elements of friction ridge skin?

A

-desmosomes
-basement membrane
-dermal papillae
-sweat glands

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11
Q

Friction ridge flow

A

Patterns
• General ridge flow is the result of growth stresses:
-growth of hands & feet
-flexion creases
-volar pads
• Science and mathematics tell us that ridges tend to align perpendicularly to physical stress across a surface.
• Predominant growth of the hand is lengthwise.
• Ridges tend to grow transversely across the finger.

Localized bulges – volar pads– on the volar surfaces create stresses in directions other than lengthwise which causes the flow of the ridges
to be redirected.

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12
Q

Who was the first to suggest these centers of disturbance of primate friction ridge formations represent the locations of the volar pads?

A

Harris Hawthorne Wilder

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13
Q

Whose extensive research on friction ridge skin showed the size, location, growth, and configuration of the volar pads affect friction ridge development and the overall fingerprint pattern?

A

Harold Cummins

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14
Q

Where do ridge formations start?

A

• First at the top/apex of the volar pad.
• Next in the tip of the finger.
• Then in the base (platform ridges).

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15
Q

If volar pad and other elements of finger growth are symmetrical during onset of primary ridge formation what pattern develops?

A

Whorl - Height of the volar pad will affect the core to delta distance.

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16
Q

If volar pad and other elements of finger growth are asymmetrical during onset of primary ridge formation what pattern develops?

A

Loop

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17
Q

If primary ridge development is much later in the process after the volar pads have fully regressed what pattern develops?

A

Arch or tented arch

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18
Q

What are minutiae?

A

Minutiae also referred to as Galton details, major ridge path deviations, characteristics, or features

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19
Q

How do minutiae develop during ridge formation?

A

• Long friction ridges appear early in the development when there is lots of area to cover.
• Voids are filled with short or long ridges.
• Short friction ridges appear later in the development of a given area, as there is less area to cover.

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20
Q

Who is credited with being the first to recognize that although specific friction ridge arrangements may be similar, they are never
duplicated?

A

JCA Mayer, 1788

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21
Q

What are incipient ridges?

A

• Correspond to a primary ridge.
• Immature ridge in the furrows.
• Did not have time to fully develop prior to the start of secondary ridge development (time of differentiation).
• Are based on the same structure as mature primary ridges.
• Not always recorded.
• Become more robust with age.
• Provide stability between epidermis and dermis with age.
• Not everyone has them. Possibly hereditary.
• Thinner than mature friction ridge.
• Can be fragmented.
• Usually do not have fully developed pore.

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22
Q

Who studied incipient ridges and determined they are primary ridges that did not fully develop?

A

Michio Okajima, 1976

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23
Q

What does random timing mean?

A

• Timing of the onset of primary ridge development in conjunction with the regression of the volar pads.
• Timing of the onset of secondary ridge development (time of differentiation).

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24
Q

What is random growth?

A

• Length of a friction ridge is random.
• The path a friction ridge takes is random.
• Where a ridge starts and stops is random.
• Ridge thickness or thinness is random.
• Ridge alignment, bifurcation, or misalignment is random.
• Pore locations and shapes are random.
• Friction ridges are 3 dimensional, therefore height of the ridge is also a consideration.

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25
What are random pressures?
• Pressures (stresses on the skin surface) from formation of the major flexion creases. • Pressures from the size and shape of volar pads. • Pressures from growth of the fingers and hand. • Pressure from neighboring ridges. • Pressures in the womb. • Numerous genetic and physical pressures.
26
Who observed that ridge patterns are affected by external forces and by pressure from neighboring ridges?
Inez Whipple
27
What is a delta?
Area on the friction ridges where three ridge systems meet
28
What is a core?
The approximate center of the pattern
29
What are some anatomical factors to consider when attempting digit determination?
Height of impression Phalange present? What is the item handled? Is it possible to handle the item?
30
Why are finger marks that are adjacent to a latent fingerprint valuable in digit determination?
Helps determine based on height of the digit May be a cluster Helps determine which hand
31
What are the indicators that a latent fingerprint was left by a thumb?
Egg shaped “D” Shaped if a side print More ridges at the top Core is lower in the print Lone print Lack of phalange at bottom of print Tip ridges flow in ulnar direction
32
Which hand should be searched first when searching a “clockwise” whorl pattern?
Left
33
What are the two important aspects to consider when attempting digit determination
Anatomical considerations Patterns
34
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36
Prior to a friction ridge analysis, what two propositions must an examiner consider?
Proposition 1 - The impressions were made by the same source Proposition 2 - The impressions were made by different sources
37
What is a fingerprint?
an impression made by the friction ridges of a finger
38
What is an unknown fingerprint?
an impression of friction ridges left from a finger where the source of the impression is unknown.
39
What is a latent print?
• 1. Transferred impression of friction ridge detail not readily visible. • 2. Generic term used for unintentionally deposited friction ridge detail.
40
What is a questionable impression?
An impression used for comparison against an exemplar impression; it can include impressions from an unknown source or a known source.
41
What is a known fingerprint?
an impression of friction ridges left from a finger, recorded under controlled conditions, where the source of the impression is known
42
What is a finger mark?
an impression of friction ridge detail left as a result of the uncontrolled contact of the digits of the hand with a surface.
43
What is an exemplar impression?
An impression to which a questioned impression is compared; it can include impressions from an unknown source or a known source.
44
What are known prints (finger/palm/foot)?
The prints of an individual, associated with a known or claimed identity, and deliberately recorded electronically, by ink, or by another medium (also known as exemplars)
45
What are minutiae?
events along a friction ridge path, including bifurcations and ridge endings. (Sometimes referred to as “Characteristics”, “Features”, “Points”, “Galton Details”, or “Major Ridge Path Deviations”.)
46
What are fingerprint features?
All-inclusive term to describe the details present in a fingermark or reference fingerprint. It includes all 3 levels of detail, as well as incipient ridges, scars, creases and any transient features such as warts or blisters
47
How many levels of detail are there?
Three: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
48
What are Level 1 details?
The presence of distinguishable friction ridges
49
What are level 2 details?
The specific path taken by each friction ridge and their relation with the neighbouring ridges, including the major ridge path deviations such as bifurcations and ridge endings
50
What are level 3 details?
The intrinsic shape of friction ridges, the pore locations, alignment or misalignment of ridges
51
What are the four premises of friction ridges? **
1. Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form before birth 2. Friction ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring 3. The specific friction patterns and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated 4. Overall friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification
52
What is a takeaway print?
A 'take away' print, also referred to as a negative impression, is created when an object is touched and instead of the friction ridges leaving a matrix behind
53
What are the three types of fingerprints?
Visible Latent Moulded
54
What does ACE-V stand for?
Analysis - documenting the appearance of a friction ridge impression and determining its suitability. Comparison - Evaluation Verification
55
What is involved in the suitability assessment of an impression?
The examiner should assess the suitability of the unknown friction ridge • Unsuitable • Suitable for comparison • Suitable for identification • Suitable for exclusion only • Suitable for AFIS
56
What assists in determining if an impression is suitable for analysis?
• Quantity (number of features) • Quality (clarity of the detail) • Can you discern a pattern type • Core/Delta • DistortionsImpression.
57
What are the seven factors of the analysis phase?
• Anatomical Factors • Substrate • Matrix • Development Medium • Deposition Pressure • Lateral Distortion • Clarity/Tolerance
58
What are anatomical factors?
• How the fingermark was deposited on the surface • Digit determination
59
What is mean by substrate in analysis of fingerprint impressions?
• The surface upon which a fingermark has been deposited • Is there any characteristic of the substrate that is interfering with the friction ridge detail?
60
What is meant by matrix in fingerprint analysis?
The substance that is deposited or removed by the friction ridge skin when making an impression. The most common matrix is sweat in combination with contaminants, including sebaceous oils
61
What is meant by deposition pressure in fingerprint analysis?
• Refers to the amount of pressure that is exerted on the friction ridges when in contact with the substrate • Can vary throughout the fingermark
62
What is light deposition pressure?
Ridges are thin and furrows are wide
63
What is moderate (medium) deposition pressure?
Ridges and furrows are of equal width
64
What is heavy deposition pressure?
Ridges are wide and furrows are narrow
65
What is lateral distortion? (Movement)
• Movement of the finger while in contact with the surface • With some substrates, such as light weight pliable plastic, the surface can move across the finger. • Lateral distortion will often be characterized by a dragging/smearing of the matrix • The effects may be different between porous and non porous surfaces - there will be degrees of movement from slight to extreme -Expansion and Compression of Ridges from movement -extreme movement and twisting movement
66
67
What are compression wrinkles?
Due to the softer fat tissue in the lower portion of the finger compressing into the stick region. This causes the ridges to buckle and white lines are visible in the impression.
68
What are fingerprint red flags?
• Extra thick ridges • Shadow ridges • Crossovers • Similar shaped major ridge path deviations in close proximity • Lack of harmony in distortion • Misaligned ridges/ridge units
69
What is a double touch?
Two separate touches • Overlapping prints • Can be the same digit or; • A different digit
70
What is a double tap?
A subtle double impression where additional friction ridges will coincide or be close to running in the same direction as the existing ridge flow. Double taps are made in close time proximity to the first friction ridge impression. Double Taps are made by the same finger
71
What are the most important factors to assess during fingerprinting analysis?
Reproducibility - how accurately the 3 dimensional features are recorded in a 2 dimensional impression Specificity - weighted values and rarity Tolerances - the variation that is allowable in two impressions originating from the same source
72
What are the two functions of assessing clarity?
Dictates the level of detail (level 1, 2, 3) available for comparison Dictates the level of Tolerance for differences
73
What affects clarity of ridge detail?
• Substrate • Development process • Deposition pressure • Lateral distortion
74
What is the main factor in assessing ridge detail clarity?
Ridge edges Well defined ridge edges and pores indicate a high degree of clarity
75
What is GYRO?
A system developed to provide a process of documenting the analysis and comparison phase of ACE-V The GYRO System uses color codes Green– High confidence in the existence of the feature Yellow– Medium level of confidence in the existence of the feature Red– A great deal of uncertainty regarding the feature and has a very low level of confidence in the existence Orange
76
DO you annotate incipient ridges?
only when the incipient ridges will play a major role in the decision-making process. it is best to use non- GYRO colors and trace the incipient ridges.
77
How do you mark scars in an analysis?
it is recommended that you circle the scars.
78
What is meant by tolerance in fingerprint analysis?
A means of expressing the variation that is allowable in two impressions originating from the same source • High clarity = Low tolerance • Low clarity = High tolerance
79
80
What is ridgeology?
“The study of the uniqueness of the friction skin and its use for personal identification”
81
82
Stages of friction skin development in utero
3 weeks - epidermis is one cell thick 6 weeks - hand is paddle like, volar pads start to appear] 8 weeks - finger separate and elongate, flexion creases start to appear 10.5-12 weeks - volar pads begin to regress, primary ridges begin to form at the bottom of the epidermis 15-17 weeks - secondary ridges begin to appear between primary ridges ceasing primary ridge development. Known as Time of Differentiation 20 weeks- Secondary ridge locations are established. Friction ridges are visible on the surface. 20-24 weeks - Secondary ridges continue to develop to the same depth as the primary ridges. At approx. 23 weeks, dermal papillae begin to form on top of the dermis between the primary and secondary ridges (hugging the primary ridges. At 24 weeks the entire system has matured.
83
What is meant by QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE?
• If the quality of the impression is GOOD, the tolerance level for discrepancies is LOW. A LESSER amount of friction ridge detail is required to eliminate or identify. • If the quality of the impression is POOR, the tolerance level for discrepancies is HIGH. A LARGER amount of friction ridge detail is required to eliminate or identify.
84
What is fingerprint feature SPECIFICITY?
The weighted values, rarity, and discriminating strength of features and their configurations with neighboring features
85
86
At the evaluation phase of ACE-V, what 2 questions must the examiner ask themselves?
• Is there agreement or disagreement • Is there sufficient quality and quantity of agreement or disagreement to either identify and exclude
87

HANSEN - FIS (7 decks)

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