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CRJU 412 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION > MID TERM > Flashcards

MID TERM Flashcards

1
Q

(1) the process of collecting, (2) crime-related information, and (3) goals.

A

criminal investigation

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2
Q

refers to the activities performed by the patrol officers, detectives, or other investigators who are responsible for the investigation.

A

process of collecting

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3
Q

criminal evidence is collected
during criminal investigations.

A

crime-related information

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4
Q

solving the crime, providing evidence to support a conviction in court, and providing a level of service to victims.

A

goals

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5
Q

the field of science that addresses legal questions.

A

forensic science

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6
Q

know when and where the crime was committed, but don’t know who did it.

(1) the discovery of the crime and the police response, (2) the preliminary or initial investigation, (3) the follow-up investigation, and (4) closure.

A

reactive investigation

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7
Q

suspect is known, but time and date of crime is unknown

A

proactive investigation

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8
Q

Occurs when the police induce or compel a person to commit a crime when that person is not predisposed to committing
the crime.

A

entrapment

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9
Q

The possibility that coincidences are considered to be actual evidence.

A

probability error

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10
Q

When an investigator exclusively focuses on a particular person or range of alternatives and excludes other possibilities.

A

tunnel vision

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11
Q

The tendency to pay attention only to evidence that supports already-existing beliefs.

A

confirmation bias

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12
Q

offered by the government to anyone who brought criminals to justice or provided information that led to the apprehension of criminals; the more serious the crime, the larger the reward.

A

parliamentary reward

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13
Q

People who provided information about criminals in exchange for parliamentary reward (money).

A

informers

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14
Q

an individual who tricked another person into committing a crime and then turned that person in for the parliamentary reward. Thief-makers were often thief-takers who resorted to deception, seduction, trickery, and entrapment to apprehend criminals and receive monetary rewards.These people essentially created criminals for their personal benefit.

A

thief makers

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15
Q

private citizen who was hired by a victim to recover stolen property or to apprehend the thief. The fee that the thief-taker charged was most often based on the value of the property recovered, and the thief-taker only received compensation when the property was returned.

A

thief takers

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16
Q

The difficulty in changing one’s theory about a crime and who committed it, even in the face of mounting contradictory evidence.

A

immovable mindset

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17
Q

The tendency to overestimate one’s abilities, knowledge, and talents.

A

overconfidence bias

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18
Q

A phenomenon whereby people
in a group tend to interpret ideas and theories similarly and draw similar conclusions.

A

groupthink

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19
Q

rogues gallery, bertillonage, dragnet, third degree

A

four tactics of criminal investigation

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20
Q

A collection of photographs of known criminals.

A

rogues gallery

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21
Q

A historical method of identification based on a series of body measurements.

A

bertillonage

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22
Q

A method of investigation in which the police would bring in for questioning all the suspects who could have committed that crime.

A

dragnet

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23
Q

The physically brutal process of interrogations of suspects by the police.

A

third degree

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24
Q

Evidence that meets the rules of evidence and is admissible in court. (witness report, bullets, dna)

A

judicial evidence

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25
Q

Any information upon which an investigative decision can be based but the evidence is not allowed in court. (polygraph)

A

extrajudicial evidence

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26
Q

Evidence that tends to exclude a person as the perpetrator. (an alibi)

A

exculpatory evidence

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27
Q

Also known as forensic evidence; evidence that can be seen and held that is created as the direct result of a crime.

A

physical evidence

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28
Q

The genetic building block of
all living organisms and unique to an individual, except identical twins.

A

DNA

29
Q

-the DNA is copied many times (amplified). Two DNA molecules are produced from the original molecule and are repeated many times until millions of copies of the DNA sequence are produced.
-The most commonly used technique of analyzing DNA today.

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

30
Q

Method most often used to collect DNA from a subject; this involves collecting cells from the inside surfaces of the cheeks.

A

Buccal swab

31
Q

Any non accusatory questioning of a person, usually a witness, intended to produce information about a crime or a perpetrator.

A

Investigative interview

32
Q

Witnesses who have direct knowledge of a crime or perpetrator.

A

Primary witnesses

33
Q

A witness who personally saw the crime occur.

A

eyewitness

34
Q

LEAST reliable, it’s biased to only 1 picture.

A

Confirmatory photograph

35
Q

it is a reliable source, provides a bunch of pictures. can take pictures from multiple sources ( social media: linkedin, facebook)

A

Mugbook

36
Q

A method of eyewitness identification that involves a witness viewing a suspect shortly after the crime occurred.

A

Show-up identification

37
Q

A method of eyewitness identification that involves a witness viewing photos of a suspect and other subjects presented to the witness under the direction of an investigator. (similar to six pack lineup)

A

photo lineup

38
Q

A method of eyewitness identification that involves a witness viewing a suspect and other subjects in a controlled setting under the direction of an investigator.

A

live lineup

39
Q

The first stage of memory during which events and other stimuli are noticed.

A

encoding stage

40
Q

The second stage of memory during which information is placed in memory.

A

retention stage

41
Q

The final stage of memory during which stored information is recalled.

A

retrieval stage

42
Q

A phenomenon whereby witnesses tend to focus exclusively on the presence of the weapon used during the commission of a crime to the detriment of other details about the event.

A

weapon focus effect

43
Q

An altered state of consciousness characterized by increased responsiveness to suggestion. Intended to stimulate a witness’s memory, it is infrequently used in criminal investigations today.

A

hypnosis

44
Q

An approach to investigative interviewing designed to
elicit accurate details from a witness’s memory based on deep concentration.

A

cognitive interview

45
Q

Occurs when the police take a person into custody for the purposes
of criminal prosecution and interrogation.

A

arrest

46
Q

Generally speaking, not free to leave.

A

custody

47
Q

Evidence that relates to the case at hand.

A

relevant evidence

48
Q

Evidence that is significant and can help prove a fact.

A

material evidence

49
Q

Evidence that is valid and of quality.

A

competent evidence

50
Q

The record of individuals who maintained control over the physical evidence from the time it was obtained by the police to when it was introduced in court.

A

chain of custody

51
Q

A document
issued by a judge that authorizes a search of a person, place, or vehicle for purposes of seizing evidence (probable cause) (nuetral and detached from the case) (application for a search warrant must have facts) (must be done immediately after judge signs) (not a request it is an order)

A

search warrant

52
Q

Emergency situations that allow a search to occur without a warrant.

A

exigent evidence

53
Q

An exception to the search warrant requirement that allows the police to search a vehicle with reasonable suspicion (for weapons) or probable cause (for evidence).

A

vehicle exception

54
Q

An exception to the search warrant requirement that allows the police to enter a home, conduct a search, and make an arrest if they are in pursuit of the subject and have probable cause to believe the subject committed a crime.

A

hot pursuit exception

55
Q

An exception to the search warrant requirement that allows the police
to search a person and his or her immediate area when that person is arrested.

A

Search incident to arrest exception

56
Q

An exception to the search warrant requirement that allows the police to search the outer clothing of a subject for weapons based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity is afoot.

A

stop and frisk exception

57
Q

Any questioning or other action intended to elicit incriminating information from a subject when this information is intended to be used in a criminal prosecution.

A

interrogation

58
Q

The traditional approach
to criminal interrogations that relies heavily on stress, deception, and control.

A

Reid Technique

59
Q

P = Planning and preparation
* E = Engage and explain
* A = Account, clarify, and challenge
* C = Closure
* E = Evaluation

A

PEACE model process

60
Q

A type of false confession given to stop the misery and stress of the interrogation.

A

Stress compliant false confession

61
Q

A type of false confession given as the result of being convinced one has committed the crime.

A

Persuaded false confession:

62
Q

A type of false confession voluntarily given as the result of other motivations.

A

Voluntary false confession

63
Q

A machine designed to measure physiological reactions to stress that occur as a result of deception.

A

polygraph

64
Q

The principle that offenders with similar crime behaviors share similar characteristics. (traumas, tortured/ killed animals)

A

Homology assumption

65
Q

The introduction of false clues by an offender to mislead an investigation.

A

staging

66
Q

The process of inferring characteristics about the offender, especially where the offender lives, based on where his or her crimes were committed.

A

Geographic profiling

67
Q

When someone repeats information that someone else said,

A

hearsay

68
Q

evidence that tends to exclude or eliminate someone from consideration as a suspect.

A

exculpatory evidence

69
Q
A

CRJU 412 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (2 decks)

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