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Dog Class > Mid-Term > Flashcards

Mid-Term Flashcards

1
Q

Who got rid of rabies?

A

England got rid of rabies
Made dogs quarantine

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2
Q

When were dogs domesticated?

A

Dogs domesticated for 15,000 years

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3
Q

Two domestication places where dogs came from, what were they?

A

Then domesticated in both Asia and Europe, middle east

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4
Q

What were dogs descendants of?

A

Dogs were descendants of Grey Wolves.

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5
Q

How many canine species?

A

38 species of canine (coyote, wolf, etc)

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6
Q

How many dog breeds are there, and how long have they been around?

A

400 dog breeds; 200 years

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7
Q

What is neoteny?

A

Neoteny makes us attracted to dogs (big eyes, big head compared to body, etc. – similarly to babies which are very cute and something we are biologically attracted to!)

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8
Q

Mutualism and an example

A

Both parties benefit (Obligatory mutualism)
Hummingbird and a Flower or a bee and a flower
Working dogs - Humans benefit (Herd sheep, military dogs, protect you) - Dogs benefit (Dogs are happy as they enjoy it)

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9
Q

Commensalism and an example

A

One benefit and nothing happens to the other one
Good for one species, the other doesn’t benefit
Some say this is the relationship between dogs and humans
Great example is a village dog (people play with dogs and sometimes they get food)
Prototype dog came off an island in Africa (Pemba Island)
Dogs became domesticated when humans shifted from hunter gatherer to agricultural lifestyle (hence why they needed working dogs)

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10
Q

Parasitism and an example

A

One party benefit and the other has a disadvantage
Mosquitoes
Animal testing

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11
Q

Amensalism and an example

A

One species harms another with no benefit to themselves
Cosmetics (Dressing them up, makeup, clippings)

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12
Q

first animal to be domesticated

A

Dogs were the first to be domesticated

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13
Q

Duel Domestication Theory

A

propose that dogs were domesticated twice—once in Europe and again in Asia.

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14
Q

What is the Definition of Domestication:

A

Control over someone else
Power relationship
Process of adapting animals for food, work, etc
Complete mastery over an animal food supply

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15
Q

Natural Selection

A

Dogs started as tame and then bred together - became domesticated

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16
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Started breeding purebreds for certain traits like pugs

17
Q

What is the main difference between natural and artificial selection?

A

The main difference between NS and AS is that AS is human enforced.

18
Q

What is the Dominant Domestication Theory (Coppinger)

A

Wolves hang around the village
They become tame
People and wolves get close to each other
Tame wolves breed and produce other tame wolves

19
Q

What are the 3 reasons people domesticate animals?

A

3 reasons people domesticate animals

Companionship
Food
To do a job

20
Q

2 “conditions” of domestication

A

Biological
Cultural

21
Q

Cultural domestication, aka The Pinocchio Hypothesis

A

We create the child we want (create the dog we want)
Doodles (people are mixing with a poodle, becoming a popular mix breed. Popular because they look cute like a teddy bear.)
Doodle newest Pinocchio Hypothesis example

22
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Between male and female they look different
Pheasant, peacock, ducks, lion, male

23
Q

(Allelic) Polymorphism

A

Alternative phenotypes
Traits or physical characteristics
No two tortoise or snail shells are the same
No two tiger, cheetahs, or zebra strips are the same

24
Q

Phenotypes

A

Observable characteristics
Morphological (Structure, size, colour)
Behavioural (Chewing, jumping, howling, digging, etc)

25
Q

By which generation were foxes good to take home?

A

By the 30-35th generation, foxes were docile, eager to please and could be taken home

26
Q

Common traits of domestication

A

Common traits of domestication
Tame
Polyestrous
Floppy ears
Curly tail
Coat
Size

27
Q

The domestication of social cognition – how did dogs come to understand us?

A

convergent evolution - by watching us do actions they learned

28
Q

Describe the three hypotheses:

A
  1. The canine generalization hypothesis states if wolves can do something, so can wolves; and vice versa – because they’re canine.
  2. The domestication hypothesis states that dogs can do certain things because they were domesticated to do so.
  3. Human exposure hypothesis states that dogs can do certain things because they have been exposed to humans and have been watching humans.
29
Q

Phylogeny

A

when things are learned because of their ancestors, it is phylogeny. Phylogeny is the biology of dogs.

30
Q

What is the Two-Stage Hypothesis?

A

states that dogs have the ability to interpret human actions and interpret humans as social companions and acquired this in early ontogeny. Examples of this include reinforcement-seeking behavior and following limbs and actions of humans.

31
Q

Ontogeny

A

Ontogeny is the ability to learn things because they’re a dog IN YOUR HOUSE.

32
Q

What are the 4 learning types for dogs?

A
  1. Theory of mind: Capacity to understand humans because they know what we want from them
  2. Word learning: Potential to learn and respond to human given stimuli in the auditory realm (ex. Treat, walk, etc)
  3. Social Observing: Watching humans and observing it (you jump in the water, they will too as it is considered safe) match actions to humans
  4. Following Point: Someone points their finger to make them go somewhere
33
Q

What might a Dog MRI predict?

A

A Dog MRI may predict (the outcome may reveal) brain changes (sudden fears, etc.), breed differences (whether certain breeds of dogs, for example, or simply are certain breeds of dogs better than others at certain things).

34
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Caudate nucleus – the caudate is involved in pleasure sensors – it would be involved in your response to listening to music that you like, watching a show or movie that you like, if you were offered a slice of pie, etc.

35
Q

What is the Fitzgerald Key?

A

Fitzgerald Key - when dogs use symbols, buttons, bells, or other resources to communicate

36
Q

Clever Hans

A

Horse knew math, he would stomp so many times

37
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Confirmation Bias - he’d get confirmation for stomping so many times (clever hans)

38
Q

What is the Clever Hans Effect?

A

Clever Hans Effect
when an animal or a person senses what someone wants them to do, even though they are not deliberately being given signals.

39
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The evolution of the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.

Dog Class (2 decks)

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