Mid-Term

Question 1

Who got rid of rabies?

Answer 1

England got rid of rabies
Made dogs quarantine

Question 2

When were dogs domesticated?

Answer 2

Dogs domesticated for 15,000 years

Question 3

Two domestication places where dogs came from, what were they?

Answer 3

Then domesticated in both Asia and Europe, middle east

Question 4

What were dogs descendants of?

Answer 4

Dogs were descendants of Grey Wolves.

Question 5

How many canine species?

Answer 5

38 species of canine (coyote, wolf, etc)

Question 6

How many dog breeds are there, and how long have they been around?

Answer 6

400 dog breeds; 200 years

Question 7

What is neoteny?

Answer 7

Neoteny makes us attracted to dogs (big eyes, big head compared to body, etc. – similarly to babies which are very cute and something we are biologically attracted to!)

Question 8

Mutualism and an example

Answer 8

Both parties benefit (Obligatory mutualism)
Hummingbird and a Flower or a bee and a flower
Working dogs - Humans benefit (Herd sheep, military dogs, protect you) - Dogs benefit (Dogs are happy as they enjoy it)

Question 9

Commensalism and an example

Answer 9

One benefit and nothing happens to the other one
Good for one species, the other doesn’t benefit
Some say this is the relationship between dogs and humans
Great example is a village dog (people play with dogs and sometimes they get food)
Prototype dog came off an island in Africa (Pemba Island)
Dogs became domesticated when humans shifted from hunter gatherer to agricultural lifestyle (hence why they needed working dogs)

Question 10

Parasitism and an example

Answer 10

One party benefit and the other has a disadvantage
Mosquitoes
Animal testing

Question 11

Amensalism and an example

Answer 11

One species harms another with no benefit to themselves
Cosmetics (Dressing them up, makeup, clippings)

Question 12

first animal to be domesticated

Answer 12

Dogs were the first to be domesticated

Question 13

Duel Domestication Theory

Answer 13

propose that dogs were domesticated twice—once in Europe and again in Asia.

Question 14

What is the Definition of Domestication:

Answer 14

Control over someone else
Power relationship
Process of adapting animals for food, work, etc
Complete mastery over an animal food supply

Question 15

Natural Selection

Answer 15

Dogs started as tame and then bred together - became domesticated

Question 16

Artificial Selection

Answer 16

Started breeding purebreds for certain traits like pugs

Question 17

What is the main difference between natural and artificial selection?

Answer 17

The main difference between NS and AS is that AS is human enforced.

Question 18

What is the Dominant Domestication Theory (Coppinger)

Answer 18

Wolves hang around the village
They become tame
People and wolves get close to each other
Tame wolves breed and produce other tame wolves

Question 19

What are the 3 reasons people domesticate animals?

Answer 19

3 reasons people domesticate animals

Companionship
Food
To do a job

Question 20

2 “conditions” of domestication

Answer 20

Biological
Cultural

Question 21

Cultural domestication, aka The Pinocchio Hypothesis

Answer 21

We create the child we want (create the dog we want)
Doodles (people are mixing with a poodle, becoming a popular mix breed. Popular because they look cute like a teddy bear.)
Doodle newest Pinocchio Hypothesis example

Question 22

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 22

Between male and female they look different
Pheasant, peacock, ducks, lion, male

Question 23

(Allelic) Polymorphism

Answer 23

Alternative phenotypes
Traits or physical characteristics
No two tortoise or snail shells are the same
No two tiger, cheetahs, or zebra strips are the same

Question 24

Phenotypes

Answer 24

Observable characteristics
Morphological (Structure, size, colour)
Behavioural (Chewing, jumping, howling, digging, etc)

Question 25

By which generation were foxes good to take home?

Answer 25

By the 30-35th generation, foxes were docile, eager to please and could be taken home

Question 26

Common traits of domestication

Answer 26

Common traits of domestication Tame Polyestrous Floppy ears Curly tail Coat Size

Question 27

The domestication of social cognition – how did dogs come to understand us?

Answer 27

convergent evolution - by watching us do actions they learned

Question 28

Describe the three hypotheses:

Answer 28

1. The canine generalization hypothesis states if wolves can do something, so can wolves; and vice versa – because they’re canine. 2. The domestication hypothesis states that dogs can do certain things because they were domesticated to do so. 3. Human exposure hypothesis states that dogs can do certain things because they have been exposed to humans and have been watching humans.

Question 29

Phylogeny

Answer 29

when things are learned because of their ancestors, it is phylogeny. Phylogeny is the biology of dogs.

Question 30

What is the Two-Stage Hypothesis?

Answer 30

states that dogs have the ability to interpret human actions and interpret humans as social companions and acquired this in early ontogeny. Examples of this include reinforcement-seeking behavior and following limbs and actions of humans.

Question 31

Ontogeny

Answer 31

Ontogeny is the ability to learn things because they’re a dog IN YOUR HOUSE.

Question 32

What are the 4 learning types for dogs?

Answer 32

1. Theory of mind: Capacity to understand humans because they know what we want from them 2. Word learning: Potential to learn and respond to human given stimuli in the auditory realm (ex. Treat, walk, etc) 3. Social Observing: Watching humans and observing it (you jump in the water, they will too as it is considered safe) match actions to humans 4. Following Point: Someone points their finger to make them go somewhere

Question 33

What might a Dog MRI predict?

Answer 33

A Dog MRI may predict (the outcome may reveal) brain changes (sudden fears, etc.), breed differences (whether certain breeds of dogs, for example, or simply are certain breeds of dogs better than others at certain things).

Question 34

Caudate nucleus

Answer 34

Caudate nucleus – the caudate is involved in pleasure sensors – it would be involved in your response to listening to music that you like, watching a show or movie that you like, if you were offered a slice of pie, etc.

Question 35

What is the Fitzgerald Key?

Answer 35

Fitzgerald Key - when dogs use symbols, buttons, bells, or other resources to communicate

Question 36

Clever Hans

Answer 36

Horse knew math, he would stomp so many times

Question 37

Confirmation Bias

Answer 37

Confirmation Bias - he’d get confirmation for stomping so many times (clever hans)

Question 38

What is the Clever Hans Effect?

Answer 38

Clever Hans Effect when an animal or a person senses what someone wants them to do, even though they are not deliberately being given signals.

Question 39

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 39

The evolution of the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.