Mid-term Flashcards
What is the name of the scientific principle where matter proceeds from order to disorder?
Entropy
What did Blaise Pascal say that we should always do in difficult times?
“In difficult times you should always carry something beautiful in your mind.”
Who was the Greek god of the sun?
Apollo
Who was the Greek god of wine?
Dionysus
What instrument did worshippers of Apollo play?
A lyre: a plucked, stringed instrument like a small harp.
What instrument did worshippers of Dionysus play?
An aulos: a noisy, nasal, double-reed instrument
Which art form is not a “time art”?
Painting, Sculpture and Architecture
What is music with a subject called?
Program music
What is the setting for the Phantom of the Opera?
The Paris Opera House
Where was the altar placed in a Greek temple?
Out in front of the entrance
What do we call the beam across the top of two posts?
Lintel
What was the new building material the Romans used?
Concrete
What other technological innovation did the Romans use?
The Arch
What do we call a vault created by a series of arches?
Barrel Vault
What is unique about the dome of the Pantheon?
There is an open ring in the middle, called an oculus, or eye.
What accounts for the differences between pagan and Christian architecture?
Pagan is much more showy to represent praise and devotion to God, while Christian is much more humble in their approach to worshipping.
Christian services are meant to be indoors, to shelter them from the world.
What is the name of the great domed church of Constantinople?
Hagia Sophia
What is the name of the style of the early Middle Ages that uses Roman arches, domes, and barrel vaults?
Gothic
What was the greatest influence on architecture between the fall of Rome and the 1100s?
The need for security
What do we call the philosophy that the world is rational and that we come to understand it through the Spirit?
Scholasticism
What were the structures used to brace the outside of a Gothic cathedral called?
Flying Buttresses
What are the levels of a Gothic cathedral from bottom to top?
Bottom to top - ambulatory, triforium, and clerestory
What is the name of the simplest and earliest of the Greek orders?
Doric
What Greek order uses a scroll shaped capital?
Ionic
What Greek order used acanthus leaves on the capital?
Corinthian
Is a soprano always a woman?
No, it can be a young boy
What is singing without any accompaniment called?
A’capella
What do we call instruments with reeds?
Woodwinds
Name the members of the brass family?
Trumpet, Trombone, French Horn, Flugelhorn, Tuba
TUBA, FRENCH HORN, TRUMPET, TROMBONE, BARITONE
What instrument did Benny Goodman play?
Clarinet
What is a group of instruments with strings at its core called?
Orchestra
What is a group of instruments that does not include strings called?
Band
What is another name for a small ensemble?
Chamber ensemble
Which instrument plays the solo passages in Vivaldi’s Four Seasons?
Violin
What is the difference between a harpsichord and a piano?
The piano uses keys to activate hammers that strike a set of strings (thus it can be thought of as both a string instrument and a percussion instrument). An ancestor of the piano is the harpsichord, whose keys activate a set of quills that pluck the strings.
What is an example of free rhythm?
Basically means that you can do whatever you want with that rhythm. This is oftentimes used in church music, especially Catholic church music where you see the monks singing the Gregorian chant.
What do we call a grouping of beats that creates pattern?
Meter
What do we call a tone with regularly repeating wave?
Beat
In a 2/4 time signature, how many beats are in each measure?
For instance 2/4 time
means two beats per measure
What meter is a waltz in?
triple… 3/4
What meter is a march in?
duple
What is the musical term for tone color?
timbre
What is the difference between a major and a minor scale?
Minor scale sounds serious or even sad to our ears.
The primary difference between major scales and minor scales is the third scale degree. A major scale always has a natural third (or major third). A minor scale never has a major third.
What is the term for the distance between two pitches?
interval
What do we call a melody that is mostly made up of steps?
conjunct
What is the term for note of a scale that feels like home?
tonic
What is the term for a group of notes sounded simultaneously?
harmony
What is the difference between monophony, homophony, and polyphony?
Monophonic: melody with no harmony), homophony:single melody with a harmonic accompaniment pattern
polyphony: two or more melodies sounding simultaneously
Put the following in order from slowest to fastest: largo, presto, andante, allegro, moderato .
Largo, andante, Moderato, Allegro, Vivace, Presto.
Put the following in order from softest to loudest: fortissimo, mezzo piano, piano, forte, mezzo forte.
piano mezzo piano mezzo forte forte fortissimo
Which architect designed the Louvre pyramid?
I.M. Pei
What was the Louvre before it was a museum?
the Louvre was originally built as a fortress in 1190, but was reconstructed in the 16th century to serve as a royal palace.
What technique does Leonardo use to make the smile of the Mona Lisa so mysterious?
blurred the outlines of Mona Lisa’s lips, with a technique called sfumato
What is the term for a liquid that combines with a pigment to make paint?
vehicle (oil or water)
Go here to study pictures
https://quizlet.com/123080651/fdhum-110-midterm-study-guide-flash-cards/
What are the characteristics of oil paint?
It takes weeks to dry and has the colors of tempera but the advantage of being able to blend colors on the canvas and being able to revise the work if necessary
What are the characteristics of watercolor paint?
It is made by mixing pigment with water. Watercolors run easily so its best to paint on a heavy, damp paper so the colors will stick better.
What are the characteristics of a fresco?
A watercolor paint applied to fresh plaster so that when the plaster dries the fresco will dry permanently with it. The paint will not crack and it is cleanable without being damaged.
What are the characteristics of a mural?
Murals are painted on dry plaster and the paint tends to crack or flake over time. It will also fade due to its exposure to light.
What artistic medium is made with egg?
tempera
Which artistic medium did Michelangelo use to paint the Sistine Chapel?
Fresco
Which artistic medium uses acid on a plate?
etching
In what medium does an artist arrange pieces of glass, tile, stone, or other objects to make a picture?
Mosaic
What does Bas in bas relief mean?
Low relief or almost flat like the surface of a coin
What does a horizontal line indicate?
Rest or stability
What does a diagonal line indicate?
active: we can assume something is on the move.
What does a vertical line indicate?
Potential energy: a standing tree could fall, and so could a standing human.
What type of line is considered most pleasing to the eye?
S-curves are not only the most interesting but are considered, of all six types of lines, the most pleasing to the eye.
Which are the primary colors?
red, yellow, blue
Which is the coolest color?
blue
Which is warmest color?
red
What is another term for the Golden Section?
rule of thirds
What is the visual appearance of the surface of the canvas called?
Texture
What does the element value refer to in a painting?
The relative degree of light or darkness in a painting.
What does chiaroscuro refer to?
An Italian term meaning “light [chiaro] and shadow [oscuro].” It is reserved for paintings, because a painter’s problem is how to depict a three-dimensional object on a flat, two-dimensional surface. The principle way to do this is by using lighter and darker paint to depict the play of light and shadow on the surface of the object.
What is linear perspective?
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
What is aerial perspective?
Objects that are very far away appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct
Where should you generally put the subject of your photo?
At any point where the rule of thirds intersects.
Where is the ISO automatically set in most cameras?
it will usually set the sensor to its highest level, i.e., 800
How can you avoid red-eye?
Remove the flash from the camera and hold it high and to one side
Why would you want to use a flash outdoors?
As a general rule, you will want to remove shadows on people’s faces or any subject in the foreground. A flash simply adds an extra burst of light to balance out the light in your photo and make it more visually appealing.
What is “bull’s-eye” composition?
Subject’s face is centered in the photo.
What is hubris?
excessive pride or self-confidence.
(in Greek tragedy) excessive pride toward or defiance of the gods, leading to nemesis.
What did the oracle of Delphi prophesy about Oedipus?
Oedipus will murder his father and marry his mother
What are Aristotle’s six elements of tragedy?
Plot, character, thought, diction, spectacle, and music.
What is the complication?
The beginning of the story to the point just before the change in the hero’s fortunes.
What is the denouement?
The beginning of the change to the end.
According to Aristotle, what is the purpose of the complication in a tragedy?
To increase our fear on behalf of our hero.
According to Aristotle, what is the purpose of a denouement in a tragedy?
For the audience to feel pity.
What word does Aristotle use to describe a shift from one situation to its opposite?
Peripety
What does catharsis mean?
Purification (This good feeling that comes after a good cry, or a good laugh.)
In a tragic catharsis, what happens to the audience’s emotions?
Moment of conversion from fear to pity is the catharsis.
What is high comedy?
Comedy of character, and it seeks to give as accurate a portrayal of people as possible, and in watching it we usually smile a lot, and sometimes cry, because these people remind us of ourselves or people we have known.
What is low comedy?
Seeks to caricature rather than characterize, and often the comedy is rather physical, laden with slapstick pratfalls. However, even in the caricatures, we still recognize humanity, and we laugh at the there-but-for-the-grace-of-God-go-I mishaps in which the characters find themselves.
What is backstory?
Explanation of things that took place years before.
What do we call a plot where the events do not lead to a change in the character(s)?
Cyclical Plot
What causes conflict in a story?
Conflict is created when the characters in the drama are presented with choices. The conflict can be between two different characters, or within a single character.
What is the protagonist?
“First contestant” or the primary character in a play.
What is an antagonist?
Primary character’s opponent.
What is the thought of a play or film?
The points of ideas that are made.
In Macbeth’s “Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow” monologue, what does he compare life to?
Life is like a candle which burns for a short while only
What does diction refer to?
A writer might use poetry, prose, a sonnet, or a novel to create a textual presentation. This presentational form allows the writer to meet their expectations and say something substantive that, to use Aristotle’s ideals, both instructs and delights. (Style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words)
What is the difference between poetry and prose?
The difference is obvious and marked by the poem’s rhyme and rhythm. Poems also use imagery whereas prose generally tries to mean exactly what it says.
What is a lyric poem?
Consists of the thoughts and emotions of a single author and is usually short. This is the most common type of poetry today.
Is a dramatic poem is always an excerpt from a play?
Yes, it introduces conflict into a situation or into the life of a character or narrator.
What are epic poems usually used for?
Epic is primarily an ancient genre largely because it provides a sufficient forum for the complex and thorough expression of creation or foundation myths of a given society. Epic is sweeping and long and displays a scope that is far broader than any other genre of poetry.
What is denotation?
The explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression.
What is connotation?
Something suggested or implied by a word or thing, rather than being explicitly named or described
What is figurative language?
The most important of which are metaphor, simile, symbol, synecdoche, metonymy, analogy, and allegory. All of these are used to compare two unlike things and create an illuminating connection based on their relationship.
What is the difference between a metaphor and a simile?
A metaphor is the simplest type of comparison. It is done by simply connecting and comparing two things with a form of the verb “to be”. A simile uses the words “like” or “as,” but otherwise works quite like a metaphor.
What is the difference between synecdoche and metonymy?
A synecdoche is a comparison that substitutes a part of something for the whole thing (“all hands on deck.”).
A metonymy is a close relative to synecdoche in that it uses things that are associated with one another. Some examples are, “the White House agreed to sign the bill,” or “What does Salt Lake say about plural marriage?”
What is the difference between analogy and a simile?
An analogy has multiple points of comparison (life is like a box of chocolates).
Analogy is a wonderful, logical comparison that creates the same kind of relationship as exists in a simile, but extends it beyond one point of correspondence. Analogy is often an extended simile.
What do we call it when words look like they should rhyme but don’t (through, rough)?
They are called eye rhyme
What do we call a paragraph of poetry?
Stanza
What is meter in poetry?
The rhythm in poetry is just like the rhythm in music—it’s just a regular pattern or beat. When we have a specific type of rhythm that is repeated, we call it meter.
What is iambic meter?
A stressed, unstressed (soft-hard) pattern in a meter.
What do you call one repetition of a metrical pattern?
Rhythm
How many feet does iambic pentameter have?
Five feet
What is alliteration?
The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
What is consonance?
The repetition of any consonant sound anywhere in the word.
he recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity (chiefly as used in prosody).
“the abrupt quality of the sound is echoed in the final “t” consonance of “discreet” and “shut””
What is assonance?
The repetition of any vowel sound anywhere in the word.
What is the common form of all sonnets?
They all consist of fourteen rhymed lines of iambic pentameter.
What was the name of the loud woodwind instrument that accompanied the choir in a Greek chorus?
Aulos
What did the Italians in the 1600s model their first operas after?
Greek Theater
What does Gesamtkunstwerk mean?
“Total Art Form” (Wagner’s operas consisted of all art forms rolled into one)
What composer used Gesamtkunstwerk to mean that individual art forms needed to combine with each other to make the music of the future?
Richard Wagner
How can music add to the cathartic effect in a film?
Building suspense and then releasing it at exactly the right moment.
What is a Leitmotiv?
“leading motives” (specific tunes for characters)
What’s the name of the song that reappears throughout Casablanca?
“As Time Goes By”
What is underscoring?
Where an invisible instrument or ensemble plays music to accompany the action.
What is source music?
Source music, where the music is emanating from a source that is actually part of the action. (Imperial March)
What is cinematography?
The art of shooting film
What does it mean that cinema is mediated?
Creators of the art—writers, actors, musicians, and technicians—work separately from one another, and the end product we see on the screen is a compilation of the work of others who are probably nowhere around when we see it.
What is a point of view shot?
The view as seen from the characters eyes
What is a reaction shot?
We see a character’s reaction to what they’ve seen
What is an establishing shot
The time and the place of the scene.
What is a montage?
“Putting stuff together.” Putting together different segments of film is an effective way to visually tell a story. (Newspaper headlines
Where were the French Kings crowned?
Notre Dame of Reims
What was the argument over that resulted in the Hundred Years War?
The English insisted their king should be king of England and France.
Who led the French to victory in the Hundred Years War?
Joan of Arc
Who was the first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity?
Constantine
What event is used to mark the end of Ancient times?
The fall of the Roman Empire
What is the first half of the Middle Ages called?
The Dark Ages (barbarian depredations, retreat of civilization, large decrease in population)
What does the name renaissance mean?
Rebirth
What does the word classic mean?
exemplary, of top quality, outstanding.
To Plato and Pythagoras, what other study was most closely related to Music?
Mathematics
Who was Plato’s teacher?
Socrates
Who was Plato’s student?
Aristotle
What philosopher influenced Plato with his teachings that the universe was created according to musical and mathematical proportions?
Pythagoras
What branch of philosophy deals with the question, “What is real”?
Metaphysics
What do we call the belief that our five senses are our only access to truth?
Empiricism
Why do we think the Lascaux cave painters created their art?
To influence an upcoming hunt by depicting images of great bounty.
Why did the ancient Egyptians create their art?
Their art was to influence the next life.
Why do Egyptian paintings show some parts of the body straight on and some in profile?
It was a tradition where what we would think of as “realism” was a secondary consideration. Instead, the important thing was to show images of things in the most direct and orderly fashion, to have the most powerful influence over the events of the next life.
What artistic subject did the Greeks love most?
The proportions of the human body.
What was the name of the Greek style as it spread throughout the Mediterranean world in the second and first centuries BCE?
Golden Age of Pericles
Does Hellenistic art favor form or expression?
Sculpture became more expressive, less reserved.
Hellenistic sculpture takes the naturalism of the body’s form and expression to level of hyper-realism where the expression of the sculpture’s face and body elicit an emotional response.
What form of sculpture is uniquely Roman?
Roman Portrait Bust
What did the Byzantines seek to show rather than physical realism?
Spiritual or symbolic reality
Give an example of Spiritual or symbolic reality
Stern faces, Jesus does not look like a baby to portray that he was more than human. His fingers are extended in that he was teaching.
What characterizes Romanesque architecture?
Series of Roman arches, which created long, barrel-shaped vaults. These vaults had to have rather low ceilings and very few windows; otherwise, the vaults would collapse from their own weight. To make a large building, vaults were stacked one on top the other. These buildings were mainly for the use of monks and were usually simple and unadorned.
What event in the 1100s brought about trade with the east and a renewed interest in the comforts of life?
The Crusades
Why was the style of the 1100-1300’s called Gothic?
Since most of these cathedrals were built in the north of France, they were called Gothic (the Goths were a tribe that settled in Western Europe after the fall of Rome)
What was the technological advance of the Gothic style?
The intersecting arch
What was the name of the side supports that propped up the high Gothic walls?
Flying Buttresses
Which artist led the realistic revolution in painting in the 1300s?
Giotto
Which set of brothers were pioneers in the development of oil paint?
Van Eyck brothers
For what two things were the Flemish known in the late Middle Ages?
1) The fine quality of the cloth they produced.
2) The craftsmanship of their painters.
Why did the Flemish experiment with linseed oil for their paints?
The egg and water-based paints ran a lot, especially in rainy weather.
What do we call a single work of art composed of several panels?
Polyptych
What catastrophe reduced the population of Europe in the 1300s and 1400s
The Black Death (the Bubonic Plague)
What three events occurred in 1453, signaling the end of the Middle Ages?
Constantinople fell to the Turks. The last battle of the Hundred Years War was fought. And Johannes Gutenberg published books printed with moveable type
Which Roman emperor made Byzantium his capital?
Constantine
What did Constantine call the city he conquered?
Constantinople
What did the Turks later name Constantinople?
Istanbul
Who were the main combatants in the Hundred Years’ War?
France and England
Who inspired victory in the Hundred Years’ War?
Joan of Arc
Who brought moveable type to Europe?
Johannes Gutenberg
What does Renaissance mean?
rebirth
Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth.” It refers to a period in European civilization that was marked by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom.
What was the “Middle Ages” the middle of
Hence the name “Middle” Ages-a time between the fall of the great and civilized Roman Empire, and the once-again great and civilized Renaissance, a gaping chasm of barbarism lying between two beautiful and enlightened societies.
How did Plato’s ideas affect the art of the Middle Ages?
Most of the art and music of the Middle Ages was “Apollonian”—based on numerical proportion, it appealed to the mind and avoided the “watering of the passions.”
What did Renaissance artists find in ancient art that they believed was missing from the art of the Middle Ages?
Greece and Rome had achieved a pinnacle of culture, which was largely lost when Rome fell and Roman civilization deteriorated into the “Dark Ages.”
Which Renaissance humanist taught that free will was what made man different from the animals?
Pico della Mirandola
Who wrote a book about a Venetian party traveling to China?
Marco Polo
What family of merchants became the leading family of Florence?
Medici
What Italian word connotes virtue, strength, and virility?
virtù
What rich political leader was an important patron of the arts in Florence?
Lorenzo de Medici
What is the word for the belief that mankind’s only access to truth is through the senses?
Empiricism
Who proved the Copernican model of the solar system using a telescope?
Galileo
What did the Spanish call their war to take back Spain from the Muslims?
Reconquista
Where did the Popes live during the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the Catholic Church?
Papal Palace
Avignon, France
What was the most controversial practice used to raise money for Rome’s extensive building projects?
Sale of indulgences
Who published 95 theses against the sale of indulgences?
Martin Luther
Which Protestant reformer insisted that churches be stripped of idolatrous images?
John Calvin
Why did Henry VIII lead England out of the Roman Catholic church?
He wanted to divorce his wife and said that if a king had divine power from God then he should be head of the church instead of the pope.
What was the key event of the Counter-Reformation?
Council of Trent
How did Shakespeare adapt the story of Macbeth to suit the tastes of James I, King of England?
He made it so that Banquo was not involved in murdering King Duncan as King James was descended from him.
Is Macbeth a reliable history of the event in the history of Scotland?
No
What is blank verse?
Each line of dialogue consists of five feet of
unrhymed iambic pentameter (weak beats alternating with strong beats)
Who is the king of Scotland at the beginning of the play?
Duncan
Who are his two generals?
Macbeth and Banquo
What makes Banquo doubt that the witches are women?
Their beards and weathered appearance
How did Macbeth get to be Thane of Cawdor?
The old Thane of Cawdor betrayed Scotland so Macbeth was given this title for his achievements.
Of whom does Malcolm say, “Nothing in his life Became him like the leaving it”?
Thane of Cawdor at his death
When Macbeth hesitates, how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to go through with the awful deed?
She calls him a coward and that he lacks the manhood to do it.
Before the murder, Macbeth sees a vision. What is it of?
A bloody dagger
Who says “Double double toil and trouble”?
The Weird Sisters (the three witches)
Who do the witches tell Macbeth to beware of?
MacDuff
How does Macbeth punish Macduff for fleeing to England?
He sends assassins after his family and they kill his wife and children.
What is the nature of Lady Macbeth’s madness?
Hallicinating bloody hands, insanity
What happens to Lady Macbeth in the end?
She kills herself
How did Birnam Wood come to Dunsinane?
Malcolm orders his soldiers to cut down the trees of Birnam Wood and move them up Dunsinane hill
Who was not “of woman born”?
Macduff was “from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped”
How is not “of woman born” possible?
Because he had to be surgically removed rather than be born naturally.
c-section
How does Macbeth die?
Macduff kills Macbeth in battle by beheading him.
Who is king at the end of the play?
Malcolm
Why does Macbeth say “Macbeth does murder sleep”?
Because of his crimes, he feels he can not sleep.
How does Lady Macbeth get blood on her hands?
Macbeth was too scared to make his murders look like they were done the guards so Lady Macbeth goes to arrange the bodies to look that way.
Who are Malcolm and Donalbain?
The sons of King Duncan.
What do they do after Duncan’s murder?
They flee because they are scared they will be charged for the murder or the murderer will come after them
Why does Macbeth fear Banquo?
He fears the second part of the witches prophecy will come true. (banquo will be the ancestor of kings)
What does Macbeth say his mind is full of?
Scorpions
Who is Fleance?
Banquo’s son
What becomes of Fleance?
He survive’s Macbeth’s attempt to murder him but his whereabouts are unknown at the end of the play.
Who appears to Macbeth at the banquet?
The ghost of Banquo
