Mid term 1 study guide Flashcards
Describe some of the general functions of proteins
some general functions of proteins includes, defense , storage, transport, cellular communication, movement and structural support. for example enzymes catalyze the reaction for digestion
Describe the general properties of each amino acid R group (nonpolar/hydrophobic;
polar/uncharged; charged/acidic; charged/basic).
There are about 10 nonpolar amino acids with R-groups that are not stable when in contact with water. They are hydrophobic.
- About 5 amino acids have polar side chains, R-groups which do not ionize or become positively or negatively charged. These R-groups are neither strongly hydrophilic nor hydrophobic.
- There are about 5 amino acids that are either acidic or basic, and their R-groups ionize at various pHs to produce a chemical structure that has either a positive or negative charge. These types of R-groups are strongly hydrophilic and are stabilized when surrounded by water.
Predict how an R group might interact with water and other molecules in the cell based
on its chemical properties
think tertiary structure r groups bond with themselves and the environment to be able to form coils and folds which allow it to perform certain functions.
Describe the different levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary)
primary structure deals with the sequence of amino acids, once this sequence is formed there is hydrogen bonding that happens in the polypeptide backbone. Tertiary structure describes the bonds formed between amino acids causing twists and foils. In water some amino acids are hydrophilic or hydrophobic which can determine and change structure
Explain how interactions between amino acids, the polypeptide backbone and water
contribute to protein structure
the bonds can be Brocken which can take away structure. For example a protein can lose its secondary structure which changes its shape which can stop it functioning from normal
Describe the roles of sugars and their polymers
sugars can provide immediate energy whilst the polymers can be used as a form of long term storage
monosaccharides and their chemical properties
C6 h 12 o6 which is glucose, glucose is extremely hydrophilic which makes it easy as a source of energy for us
Explain the similarities and differences between cellulose and starch and their biological
implications
they are isomers, meaning they have the same atoms, but are arranged differently. This different in structure is why we can consume starch but not cellulose due to the fact celluloses bonds are harder to break in our bodies
State the general functions of nucleotides and nucleic acids, including the roles of DNA
and RNA in gene expression
nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids and help with metabolic regulation. Nucleic acids such as DNA hold the continuity of life. Dna replicate itseld in the form of Mrna whcih then transport to the ribosome for protein sythensis
what is the function of the cytoplasm
where chemical reactions take place
why dont spontaenous reactions occur fast
reactions requiere a certain amount of activation energy
