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Ecology > Mid Term 1 reveiw > Flashcards

Mid Term 1 reveiw Flashcards

1
Q

What Type of animal did the Prof Study in Costa Rica

A

Rufous and White Wren

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2
Q

Where do Rufous and White Wrens nest

A

Bull Horn Acacia Tree

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3
Q

Why do Bull Horn Acacia trees have no Vegetation around it

A

Ants destroy vegetation to limit competition

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4
Q

Where do the ants live in the bull Horn Acacia

A

within the thorns

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5
Q

What does the stem of the Acacia Tree produce

A

Nectar that ants eat

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6
Q

What is the purpose of Beltian Bodys

A

Produced by Bull horn acacia trees. Ants eat it too gather protein and carbs

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7
Q

What is the relationship between the Bull Horn acacia and the Acacia Ants

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

What is Ecology

A

The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment

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9
Q

What is a Abiotic Relationship

A

Organism are affected by natural factors such as envoirment, weather, temperature,

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10
Q

what is a Biotic Relationship

A

Organisms are influenced by other organisms through competition, herbivory, predation, disease, mutualism

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11
Q

what does Oikos mean

A

Home

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12
Q

what does Logos mean

A

Study of

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13
Q

when was the word ecology coined

A

1869

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14
Q

Can something be affected by biotic and abiotic at the same time

A

yes

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15
Q

How is function of an ecosystem described

A

by productivity, change in nutrients, flow of energy, and flow of water

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16
Q

What is a mangrove

A

More than 50 species of trees adapted to life in brackish water

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17
Q

What is brackish water

A

Mix of fresh and salt water

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18
Q

What is the intertidal zone

A

area between high tide and low tide

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19
Q

What are Pneumatophores

A

Roots of a mangrove tree that project out of the ground to gather oxygen

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20
Q

What are the 3 main stressor of mangrove trees

A

Water level, Lack of oxygen, salt

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21
Q

What are the 4 services of mangrove trees

A

1- Land building organisms
2- roots filter waste and water to survive
3- Create rich envoirment for animals
4- Organic waste is created and used for food for other organism

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22
Q

Are Mangrove ecosystems under threat?

A

Yes, they are classified as threatened

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23
Q

What are Environmental Factors

A

Features that affect organisms, population, communites. The factors may be biotic or abiotic

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24
Q

Are Envoirmental factors always abiotic

A

They can be biotic or Abiotic

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25
Q

What is Limiting Factors

A

Mineral nutrients

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26
Q

What is the principal of Limiting Factors

A

Growth is controlled not
by the total amount of
resources available, but
by the resource that is in
shortest supply

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27
Q

Who developed the Principal of Limiting Factors

A

Developed by
Justus von
Liebig

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28
Q

What is an Example of Lake Eutrophication

A

Algal bloom in lake erie

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29
Q

Who studied Lake eutrophication

A

David Schindler

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30
Q

What causes Lake eutrophication

A

Addition of too much phosphorus limiting the oxygen

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31
Q

What is a Niche

A

all environmental
factors that limit
distribution, growth, and
reproduction of a
species

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32
Q

What did David Schindler Discover

A

Phosphorus is the limiting factor in fresh water lakes

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33
Q

What is a fundamental niche

A

The complete range of
conditions under which
a species can establish,
grow, and reproduce
when it is free from
interference. WHERE CAN

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34
Q

What is a realized Niche

A

the
observed resource used
by a species in nature,
where distribution is
restricted by
environmental factors
WHERE DOES

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35
Q

What is an example of Phenotypic Plasticity

A

Dandelion growth.
Dry area grows seeds
wet covered area grows green

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35
Q

Is Realized or Fundamental niche more narrow

A

Realized

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36
Q

What is Phenotypic Plasticity

A

ability of an organism to
change its phenotype in
response to changes in
the environment

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37
Q

What does Environmental stressor Line A represent

A

shows an early
response to stress; can
serve as an early-
warning signal

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37
Q

What is a instantaneous Stressor

A

Forest fire, Hurricane

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38
Q

What is a stressor

A

Environmental factor
that limits performance of
organisms, populations,
communities and landscapes

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38
Q

What is performance

A

Productivity and
reproductive fitness, relative to
genetic potential

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39
Q

What is a Accumulate stressor

A

Toxicity

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40
Q

What is tolerance

A

organisms, populations,
communities, etc. have
the capacity to function
in a “healthy” manner
within a range of
environmental stressors

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41
Q

What does Environmental stressor Line D represent

A

shows a late response
to stress; high tolerance
but can often cause rapid
change

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42
Q

What does Environmental stressor Line B represent

A

responds steadily and
provides a consistent
measure throughout
stressor

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43
Q

What does Environmental stressor Line C represent

A

shows a stepwise
response with rapid
chance at certain
thresholds, followed by
stability

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44
Q

What is Resilience

A

speed and degree to which an
organism, population, community, etc. can recover
to its original state following an event of
disturbance

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45
Q

What species has a high Resilience

A

Jack Pine Tree

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46
Q

What is Disturbance Stressor

A

powerful
but short-lived event (e.g.
severe windstorm, fire, etc.)

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46
Q

What species has a low Resilience

A

Atlantic Cod

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47
Q

What is Chronic Stressor

A

long term
influence (e.g. nutrients in water
and primary productivity)

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48
Q

What is a Natural Stressor

A

Natural stressors: present for
very long time periods (eons)

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49
Q

What is a Anthropogenic stressors

A

stressors associated with human
development

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49
Q

What is Climatic stress

A

temperature,
solar radiation, wind, moisture,
combinations

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50
Q

What is Biological stress

A

interaction
among organisms

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50
Q

What is Chemical stress

A

high
concentrations that cause
toxicity

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51
Q

What is Physical Stress

A

volcanic
eruption

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52
Q

What is the outcome of Environmental stressors

A

Decrease of productivity,
increases in mortality,
and reproductive failure
Species richness and
diversity decrease

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52
Q

What are the 2 Important Processes that occur in our ecosystem

A
  1. Energy flows through ecosystems
  2. Nutrients cycle through ecosystems
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53
Q

What is Ecological Energetics

A

the study of fixation,
transfer, and storage of
energy by ecosystem
components

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54
Q

What type of systems are ecosystems

A

Open Systems

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55
Q

What are some functions of Solar energy

A
  • Heats Planet
    – Evaporation of water
    – Circulation of
    atmosphere
    – Circulation of oceans
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55
Q

What is the most important type of energy source in the ecosystem

A

Solar Radiation

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56
Q

What is the Formula for photosynthesis

A

Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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57
Q

What is the First Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transformed but not
created or destroyed

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57
Q

True or False: Season can cause a fluxuation in Biological activities

A

True

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58
Q

What is the Second Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy transformations can occur
spontaneously only under
conditions in which entropy of the
Universe is increased

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59
Q

What percentage of sun is absorbed by earth

A

45

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60
Q

What percentage of sun is reflected by earth

A

5

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61
Q

What percentage of sun is absorbed by the upper atmosphere

A

25

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62
Q

True or False: Solar radiation Varies with latitude

A

True

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62
Q

True or False: Absorbed sunlight and
dissipated energy are
almost in perfect
balance

A

true

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63
Q

What percentage of sun is reflected by the upper atmosphere

A

25

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64
Q

What are the green house gasses

A

CH4, H2O, CO2

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65
Q

What is the main cause of global warming

A

Increase of greenhouse gases

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65
Q

What would the Earths temperature be without green house gasses

A

Current average is 18 and it would be -15

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66
Q

What is the purpose of Green house gases

A

Creates a thermal blanket for the earth

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67
Q

What has caused a increase of greenhouse gasses

A

Combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, and
agriculture have increased the atmospheric
concentrations of several greenhouse gasses

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67
Q

In what year did we pass 400 ppm of CO2

A

2015

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68
Q

How has global warming affected aquatic life

A

Have changed the lattitude where their ecosystem is.

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69
Q

What are some examples of photoautotrophs

A

Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria

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70
Q

How do autotrophs produce energy

A

through sunlight/ photosynthesis

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71
Q

What light colour is short wave lengths

A

Blue

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71
Q

How do Chemoautotrophs produce energy

A

through heat

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72
Q

What light colour is long wave length

A

Red

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73
Q

Where do plants capture photons

A

Chlorophyll

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73
Q

What color/wavelengths do autotrophs dislike

A

Green

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74
Q

What wavelengths are plants most sensitive too

A

Red and Blue

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75
Q

Are all Plants Autotrophs

A

No. Ghost Pipe are plants that steals energy from other plants in their roots

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76
Q

What is Productivity

A

rate at which energy is fixed (in
autotrophs) and rate at which biomass is
accumulating (organisms and ecosystems)

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77
Q

how is Productivity Measured

A

On dry weight basis

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78
Q

What is Respiration

A

amount of energy
used by autotrophs for their
metabolism (

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78
Q

What is Gross Primary Production

A

total amount of solar energy
fixed by autotrophs

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79
Q

What is Net Primary Production

A

gross
primary production minus
respiration by autotrophs

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80
Q

On average, how much energy do plants use for respiration

A

1/4 to 3/4 energy

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81
Q

What ecosystem is the most productive

A

Rainforest and Reefs.
9.0 tC/ha/yr

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82
Q

What is the equation Net primary Production

A

NPP = GPP - R

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83
Q

What ecosystem has the lowest Net primary Productivity

A

Open Ocean 0.57 tC/ha/year

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84
Q

What is the productivity for Temperate forest

A

5.4 tC/ha/yr

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85
Q

What is the Global Net Production

A

73.2 109 tC/yr

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86
Q

True or False: Carnivores assimilate 20%
of energy in their food

A

True

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86
Q

What is a Food chain

A

linear
representation of feeding
interactions and energy
transfer

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87
Q

True Or False: Herbivores assimilate 10%
of energy in their food

A

True

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88
Q

What is a Food Web

A

representation of all feeding inter-
actions among the food chains in an ecosystem

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89
Q

What is natural history

A

the investigation of organisms in their wild habitats

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89
Q

what is structural attributes

A

units of quantity per unit of habitat

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90
Q

what are some examples of structural attributes

A

Biomass, Density, species richness

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91
Q

what is functional attributes

A

are rates of change of the structure of the ecosystem

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92
Q

what are some examples of functional attributes

A

Productivity, nutrients fluxes, water flow

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93
Q
A
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93
Q

What was the earliest bacteria known as

A

Heterotrophic bacteria

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94
Q

How does heterotrophic bacteria get energy

A

consuming organic matter for nutrients

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95
Q

What is the atmosphere

A

gases that surrounds the earth

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96
Q

What percentage of water is evaporated into the atmosphere from the oceans

A

90

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97
Q

What is a SER Model

A

Describes how biological and ecological changes will occur when stressor levels are exceeded

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98
Q

What is biomagnification

A

As you move up the tropic levels then animals have the highest levels of toxins that do not occur naturally

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99
Q

What is Nutrients

A

are substances necessary for healthy
physiology of organisms

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100
Q

What is often the growth limiting factor

A

Nutrients

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101
Q

What is often the growth limiting factor in aquatic ecosystem

A

Phosphorus and nitrogen

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102
Q

What is a Macronutrients

A

nutrients required in
large quantities

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103
Q

What are some examples of macronutrients

A

Carbon, Oxygen,
Hydrogen,Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Sulfur,
Calcium, Magnesium,
Potassium
Mineral nutrient
availability often limits
plant productivity

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103
Q

What is micronutrients

A

nutrients needed in
very low quantities

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104
Q

What are some examples of micronutirents

A

Iron, Manganese,
Boron, Zinc, Chlorine,
Sodium, Copper, Nickel,
Molybdenum
* Lack of micronutrients
can lead to deficiency
syndromes

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104
Q

What is the most important nutrients

A

1- Carbon
2-Oxygen
3- Hydrogen
4- Nitrogen
5- Potassium

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105
Q

What happens when nickel and copper is at too high of concentrations

A

Stunt growth

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106
Q

Can tolerance to Nutrients change

A

Long exposure to toxic
substances can lead to
evolution of tolerant
organisms

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107
Q

What is Hyperaccumulation

A

Some plants neutralize toxic substances by
accumulating them in their vacuoles

108
Q

What is an example of Hyperaccumulation

A

Mangroves

109
Q

What is Phytoremediation

A

When plants are used to clean air, soil and water

110
Q

What is Bioremediation

A

When Insects are used to clean soil, air, or water

111
Q

Is nutrients in a cycle

A

Yes

112
Q

What are the 4 stages of nutrients budgets

A

input
* Transformations
* Output
* Compartments

112
Q

What is the fixed form of carbon in the atmosphere

A

Co2

113
Q

Where do C02 come from

A

released through decomposition and resperation

114
Q

How is CO2 used

A

Photosynthesis

115
Q

How can Carbon be stored

A

as biomass, litter or peak

116
Q

do carbon levels vary with season

A

Yes, Winter has higher carbon levels and Summer has lower Carbon levels

117
Q

What are the 2 ways Carbon is produced

A

CO2 or CH4

118
Q

How is CH4 produced

A

Bacteria, fossils fuel combustion,

119
Q

What producess a massive increase in Co2

A

Fossil fuel combustion

120
Q

What is Nitrogen critical for

A

Protein

121
Q

what are some forms of Nitrogen

A

NO3- or NH4+

122
Q

What form of Nitrogen can plants not use

A

N2

123
Q

What percentage of the atmosphere is N2

A

78

124
Q

What is Nitrogen Fixation

A

Converting N2 to a biological useful nitrogen

125
Q

Where does Nitrogen Fixation occur

A

bacteria, free-living, or in
symbiosis with plant
hosts. Fixed through oxidation of lightning and through industrially

126
Q

How does Nitrogen Fixation occur in roots

A

Roots contain Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Bacteria

127
Q

What is Phosphours Critical For

A

ATP

128
Q

Where is most of the phosphours contained

A

Marine Sediments

128
Q

How much phosphorous is in the atmosphere

A

nothing

129
Q

How can Phosphorous be transported from ocean to land

A

Passing through organisms

130
Q

What animals act as biovectors for phosphorus

A

birds

131
Q

How is Sulfur emitted into the atmosphere

A

Volcanos or bacteria

131
Q

What is Sulphur critical for

A

Protein and biochemicals

132
Q

What macromolecule is not found in the atmosphere

A

Phosphorous

133
Q

What is the main cause of So2 emissions

A

Anthropogenics

134
Q

How is SO2 produced

A

Fossil fuels

134
Q

What is the downfall of Sulfur in the atmosphere

A

Reacts with the atmosphere causing Acid Rain

135
Q

What is the foundation of the terrestrial ecosystem

A

Soil

136
Q

What is the size of coarse gavel

A

20 + mm

137
Q

What us the size of gravel

A

2-20mm

138
Q

what is the size of clay

A

less than 0.002mm

139
Q

what is the size of sand

A

0.05-2mm

139
Q

What is the size of silt

A

0.002-0.05mm

140
Q

What fish played a major role in Canadas economy

A

Atlantic Cod

141
Q

What is population Ecology

A

the
study of population
dynamics of species and
how populations interact
with the environment

142
Q

How can Aphid Populations change over time

A

They can grow rapidly in small time scales

143
Q

What is happening to the population of caribou

A

Declining

144
Q

What is a Open Population

A

one where
individuals immigrate and/or
emigrate

145
Q

What is a Population

A

group of
conspecific individuals that
inhabit a particular area

146
Q

What are the 2 types of growths

A

Exponential and Logistic

147
Q

What is the formula for a closed population

A

Nt+1 = Nt + (B – D)

147
Q

What is a closed population

A

one that is
isolated from other groups of
the same species

147
Q

What is the Formula for a open population

A

Nt+1 = Nt + (Bt – Dt) + (It – Et)

148
Q

What is exponential Growth

A

The exponential growth model describes the rate
of expansion of a population under ideal,
unregulated conditions

149
Q

How does population growth correspond to body size

A

Small body size = rapid population growth
Large body size= Slow population growth

149
Q

looking at the chart, what population grew the fastest

A

deer mice

150
Q

Looking at the chart, what population grew the slowest

A

Mako sharks

150
Q

What is DOubling time of a population

A

time required for a population to
increase from N to 2N

151
Q

Since 1960 on sable island, what type of growth did grey seals experience

A

Exponential growth

151
Q

What is exponetial growth compared to

A

compound interest

152
Q

WHen is exponential growth most likly to occur

A

When a population is low in numbers

152
Q

What is the slowest breeder of all animals

A

Elephants

153
Q

after 750 years, how many elephants did darwin predict there to be

A

19 million

153
Q

What slows down exponential growth

A

Limted resources, increased competition

154
Q

What does N=K mean

A

population is in equlibrium

154
Q

What is Logistic population growth

A

When a population reacjes a carrking capacity

155
Q

What is Fecundity

A

the number
of offspring produced by
an individual per season

155
Q

What does N«K mean

A

Close to exponetial growth

155
Q

When does the maximum sustainable yield typically occur

A

half of the carrying capacity

155
Q

What happens when N approaches K

A

Growth slows down

156
Q

What is Determined growth

A

Fecundity is constant

157
Q

What is Indeterminate Growth

A

fecundity increases with
age, until senescence

157
Q

What is Iteroparous species

A

reproduce more than
once in their lifetime

158
Q

What is a Semelparous species

A

Reproduced only one then does

158
Q

What is an example of a Iteroparous specie

A

Alantic salmon

159
Q

What is an example of a Semelparous species

A

Sockeye salmon

160
Q

What does type 1 survivalship curve mean

A

Low mortality except old age

160
Q

What is an example of type 3 survivalship

A

Alantic Cod

161
Q

What does type 3 survivalship curve mean

A

High mortality rates for younger indivduals

161
Q

What is Type 2 survivalship curve mean

A

Constant mortality rate

161
Q

What is an example of type 2 survivalship

A

Black-capped chickadee

161
Q

What is an example of type 1 survivalship

A

Bighorn Sheep

161
Q

What is a life table

A

a matrix of data on
age-specific survival and
fecundity

162
Q

WHat can Life tables be used for

A

estimate net reproductive
rate (R0) in a population of
organisms, and determine if
the population is stable,
growing, or shrinking

162
Q

WHat does Annual survival (sx) mean

A

Proportion of cohort that
survives that year

163
Q

What does Age-specific survival (lx) mean

A

Probability of surviving
to the start of that year

163
Q

What does Age-specific fecundity (mx):

A

Number of females per
female in that year

163
Q

What does Abundance (Nx+1): mean

A

Number that survive to
start of that year

164
Q

What does Exploitation competition mean

A

competition for resources
without direct interaction

165
Q

What is an example of Interference competition

A

A vulture defends a
carcass from other birds

165
Q

What is an example of competition for resources
without direct interaction

A

A moose eating
plants reduces food for
other herbivores

165
Q

What does Interference
competition mean

A

competition that
follows direct
interactions

166
Q

What is behavioral ecology

A

The study of the
behaviour of organisms, with
reference to adaptive significance

166
Q

What are the 3 research frameworks of behavioral ecology

A

Acoustic
Communication
Animal
Conservation
Behavoural ecology

166
Q

What type of research did dan use to study

A

Vocal learning and
cultural evolution

167
Q

What are the 4 possible research techniques

A

Field studies
Wildlife recording
Sound playback Radiotelemetry

168
Q

What are the 6 animals that are vocal learning

A

Songbirds Hummingbirds Parrots
Cetaceans
Bats
Humans

169
Q

What are the 4 stages of vocal learning

A

Sensory phase
Silent period
Sensorimotor phase
Crystallization

170
Q

What was dans first hypothesis

A

Vocal Learning Hypothesis
Wild animals learn songs by
listening to conspecific tutor song

171
Q

What is dans 2nd hypothesis

A

Re-exposure Hypothesis
Animals will learn songs that are
heard both early in life and prior
to first breeding season

171
Q

What is dans third hypothesis

A

Selective Attrition Hypothesis
After over-production, animals
will retain songs most similar to
their neighbours

172
Q

What is Sexual dimorphism

A

When males and females of the same species look differently

173
Q

What were Tinbergen’s 4 questions

A
  1. Causation (sensory-motor mechanism):
  2. Ontogeny (developmental changes):
  3. Evolution (phylogenetic history):
  4. Function (adaptive significance):
    How does it function at molecular,
    physiological, neural, cognitive level?
    How does it change with age and what
    are the developmental steps?
    How does it compare in
    closely related species?
    How does it impact the animal’s chances
    of survival and reproduction
174
Q

of tinbergens 4 hypthesis, what ones are proximate questions

A

Causation and ontogeny

174
Q

of tinbergens 4 hypthesis, what ones are ultimate questions

A

Function and evolution

175
Q

What is fitness

A

the contribution
an individual’s offspring
make to the genetic
make-up of subsequent
generations

176
Q

is fitness for a species or induvial

A

induvial

176
Q

What is natural selection

A

selection
that favours traits that
maximize an individual’s
chance of surviving and
reproducing

177
Q

What is sexual selction

A

selection
that maximizes the number of
fertilizations or matings

178
Q

What is Viability selection

A

selection
that maximizes the survival of
the individual

179
Q

What are the 4 areas of behavioural ecology

A
  1. Foraging behaviour
  2. Enemies (including
    predators, parasites)
  3. Sexual selection
  4. Social behaviour with
    conspecifics
180
Q

What is foraging behavior

A

Food choices have a
direct effect on fitness
* Foraging and
processing food is
costly
* It is efficient to be
selective and utilize
good foraging patches

180
Q

What may increase the risk of gathering food

A

Predation

181
Q

How do animals optimize food gathering

A

Cost-benefit decison

181
Q

What is Intrasexual selction

A

competition between
members of the same
sex (usually males) for
access to the other sex

181
Q

What gender often experiences intrasexual selection

A

Males

181
Q

What gender often experiences Intersexual selection

A

Females

181
Q

What is intersexual selection

A

members of one sex
(usually females)
discriminating among
possible mates

182
Q

What is Batemans princial

A

in sexually reproducing
species, variability in reproductive success is
greater in males than female

182
Q

What is ornamentation

A

visual
displays and acoustic
and phermone signals in
males increase
desirability by females

183
Q

What is a lek site

A

area where male aniamls often gather to find females to make with

183
Q

What are some advantages of social behavior

A

enhanced
predator detection,
defense from
predators, defense
from competitors, and
other functions

184
Q

What are the disadvantages to social behavoiurs

A

increased
competition, increased
risk of infection

185
Q

What is a Eusocial organism

A

individuals forego
reproduction to help
others

185
Q

What is an example of a Eusocial organism

A

leaf cutter ants

185
Q

What is Kin selection

A

natural
selection that favours
genetic contributions to
future generations
through altruistic
behaviour with close
relatives

186
Q

What is Ecological Energetics

A

The study if the ways that solar energy becomes fixed by plants and other organisms and becomes avaible for other species

186
Q

What does Biomass refer to

A

the weight of the accumulated production of organic matter by an organism or ecosystem

187
Q

What does productivity refer to

A

The rate at which energy is being fixed and the rate which biomass is accumulating

188
Q

What type of energy is photons related to

A

Electromagnetic Energy

188
Q

What is the speed of light

A

3 x 10^10cm/s

189
Q

What are the 2 types of Kinetic energy

A

Thermal and mechanical

190
Q

What is the First law of thermal dynamics

A

Energy can not be created nor destroyed but transferred among states

191
Q

What is the second law of thermal dynamics

A

Energy transformation is spontaneous where universal entropy increases

192
Q

What is the solar constant

A

the input of energy to earth from the sun

193
Q

What type of nutrients do plants and other autotrophs absorb

A

Inorganic Nutrients

193
Q

Is earth a open or closed system

A

Closed system

193
Q

Who has the highest CO2 Emitions per capita

A

Australia

194
Q

Who has the highest national emissions of CO2

A

China

194
Q

What is Canadas CO2 national Emissions

A

472 and 14.1 per capita

194
Q

What is the Density Independent model of population growth

A

Same as exponetial growth.

195
Q
A
195
Q
A
196
Q

What is time lag

A

Cause of overshooting the carrying capacity. population does not imediatly respond to a variable

197
Q

What is response time

A
198
Q

What is age specific fecundity

A

Denoted as Mx
the average amounbt of offsprings born at a age

199
Q

What is Determined Growth

A

Animal stops growing after a certain age

199
Q

What is Indetermined growth

A

Offspring numbers tend to increase with age

199
Q

What is a example of determined age

A

Big horn sheep

199
Q

What is an example of Indetermined growth

A

Many reptiles and fish

200
Q

What is a cohort

A

individuals of the same ages

200
Q

What is net reproduction rate

A

the average number of offspring’s (females) produced over the lifetime of an individual

200
Q

What is Behavioral Ecology

A

Why animals behave the way that they do

201
Q

What is Natural Selection

A

Adaptations that favor the maximizing survival

202
Q

What is Sexual Selection

A

Acquiring mates

202
Q

What is Viability Selection

A
203
Q

What is Fitness

A

Reproduction and survival ship rates

203
Q

What is optimal foraging theory

A

describes how food choices and intakes are enhanced to increase fitness

204
Q

What is a brood parasite

A

a species that lays its eggs in the nest of another species for incubation and rasing young

204
Q

What is Physiology

A

The study of the function of organisms and their parts

205
Q

What is Physiological Ecology

A

The study of how organisms function in their envoirment

206
Q

What is Thermobiology

A

How animals use their body temperatures

207
Q

At what temperature can Lichen survive in the artic

A

Below 0

208
Q
A
209
Q

At what temperature can Sea bacteria live

A

past 100

210
Q

What is Metabolism

A

the
chemical processes
within living organisms
that maintain life

211
Q

What is Aerobic Metabolism

A

When oxygen is used to make atp

212
Q

What is Anaerobic Metabolism

A

lower efficient Apt production that does not use oxygen

213
Q

How is Metabolic rate measured

A

Oxygen consumption or heat production

214
Q

What is a Ectotherms

A

Organisms that rely on the external environment as primary heat source

215
Q

Do Ectotherms Or Exotherms have faster Metabolic Rates

A

Exotherms have high metabolism while ectotherms have slow rates

216
Q

WHat is Homeotherms

A

Organisms that maintain a constant body temp

217
Q

What is a heterotherms

A

Organisms that cannot maintain a steady body temp

218
Q

What is an example of Endothermy/homeothermy interaction

A

sphynx Moths

219
Q

How much Metabolism energy is used as heat

A

3/4

220
Q

How can Brown adipose tissue produce heat

A

uses fat to produce heat. no atp is required

221
Q

What are 3 examples of insulation in animals

A

Fat, hair, feathers

222
Q

What is Counter-current exchange

A

Minimized heat loss in extremities. Warm blood warms cold blood

223
Q

What is some responses to cold

A

Rapid movement- Shivering
Vasoconstriction- shrinking organs
Muscle contractions

224
Q

What are some responses to heat

A

Sweating and panting
vasodilation
reduced metabolism rate

225
Q

What is Torpor

A

relatively short-
term condition of
decreased activity

225
Q

How does Gas exchange work in the water

A

Gas exchange occurs in the gils. Requires more energy since water is more viscous then air

226
Q

What is hibernation

A

long-term
condition of decreased
activity in cold
temperatures

226
Q

What is Estivation

A

decreased
activity in hot
temperatures

227
Q

What helps keep animals from frezzing in the winter time

A

Antifreeze proteins

228
Q

How does gas exchange in air

A

Occurs in the lungs or the tracheal system
can occur in the skin

228
Q

What is the important pigment that helps with oxygen flow in the blood

A

Hemoglobin

229
Q

What is required for plants to grow

A

Light
* CO2
* Water
* Mineral nutrients
* Suitable temperature

230
Q

What are some stessors in plants

A

Overheating
* Freezing
* Drought
* Anoxic soils
* Acquire CO2 without
losing too much water
* Excessive radiation or
shade

231
Q

WHat is Photosynthesis stage 1

A

Light stage of the rxn
Production of ATP, NADPH and O2
Water is release
Light is required

232
Q

What is the Second stage of Photosynthesis

A

Dark Reaction
ATP and NADPH is used to fix CO2 into surgars
light is not needed for this rxn

233
Q

WHat is Photorespiration

A

Usage of O2 when low levels of Co2 is present
requires high amounts of energy

234
Q

What is C4 photosynthesis

A

occurs in the Mesophyll cells
4 carbon atoms transported into bundle sheath

235
Q

In plants, what is used to capture Co2

A

Stomata. Leads to water loss

236
Q

In what plants does CAM occur

A

Plants with reduced access to water

237
Q

What is CAM

A

CO2 capture at night to reduce water loss

Ecology (3 decks)

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