mid Flashcards
Hepatic portal system
vessels that carry blood from the stomach/intestines to the liver
Objectivity - “view from nowhere”
describes a world as if your not part of it/ in it/ you are an observer/ it’s got nothing to do with you but it would still happen
World view
a perspective that individuals use to interpret and interact w/ the real world (what we believe reality is)
This can be shaped through beliefs, religion, and environment
Physicalism (physical materialism)
Idea that reality is matter
What we consider to be real - matter and energetic interactions
A view that everything in the world is, or is at the bottom, physical and it has evolved from materialism with advancements in the physical science
Pharmacology
How drugs interact with the body (absorption, distribution, mechanism of action)
Psychopharmacology
How drugs interact w/ your mind (psychological effects)
Pharmakon
Medicine and poison
Hepatic portal system:
vessels that carry blood from the stomach/intestines to the liver
System of veins consisting of hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. Responsible for directing blood from gastrointestinal tract to the liver
Hydrophobic
Repels water
These guys are often transported through and between cells with hydrophilic proteins or structures attached to aid in their dispersal
Hydrophilic
- water loving - loves to hang out with other things that have polarity/charge
ROE: Oral digestive (mouth)
ingestion by mouth, enters stomach and intestines
* hepatic portal system: gastrointestinal system to liver
* first-pass metabolism: biotransformation by liver
* time to brain ~ 20 mins
roe: Intraoral / buccal / oral buccal
3 mins
ROE: Rectal
3 minutes
ROE: Inhalation/smoking
10 secs
Parenteral Route
Route that does NOT PASS through the digestive system
Intraoral/buccal
Snorting
rectal
Macromolecules of biology
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
Synapse
Are the points of communicative contact between neurons
Electrical Synapse:
built from clusters of proteins that form channels in the membranes of 2 adjacent cells
Aka has a channel of proteins connecting 2 atoms, so electrical signal can travel straight over the synapse
CHEMICAL synapse:
Gap between the 2 neurons where neurons pass info in the form of neurotransmitters molecules
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
Slower, long lasting signaling, large diversity of effects: modulation of excitability, gene transcription, etc
Agonist
Molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and activates it
Neurotransmitters are agonists at their receptors
Antagonist
A molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and blocks it
Central Nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord; centrally coordinates information and activity throughout the body.
Controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, thought, and memory
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Consists of the nerve and ganglia outside the CNS ; main function is to help connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Sensory, muscle, autonomic, enteric
Sympathetic
REGULATES the FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
Increased heart rate/blood pressure
Dilated lungs/pupils/airways
Constricted bladder/intestinal mobility
Parasympathetic nervous system:
Regulates actions like “REST AND DIGEST”
Decreases heart rate
Constricts lung airways
Constricts pupils
Stimulates bladder
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter for the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system
Sympathomimetic
Will activate sympathetic nervous system - MIMICS it
Stimulates system (ex: widening the air passages in the lung)
Sympatholytic
Drug will disrupt activity of sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathomimetic
Will activate and produce
ROE: IV
20 secs
Parasympatholytic
Disrupts activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
First pass metabolism/biotransformation by liver
When material first passes into the bloodstream, it goes to the liver, if weird stuff is passing bye, it will be biotransformed
Causes the drug to have a reduction in concentration
Number of Neurons in Brain
10^11 also known as 100,000,000,000 or one hundred billion
Glial Cells
Non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system that:
- Surround/Support Neurons
- Supply nutrients/oxygen to neurons
- Insulates neurons from each other
- Destroy pathogens/remove dead neurons
They do not conduct electricity themselves
Blood Brain Barrier
Layer of endothelial cells that separates circulating blood from the brain and allows transportation by diffusion and transport through protiens
Bonds per Atom
Carbon: 4
Nitrogen: 3
Oxygen: 2
Hydrogen: 1
Is water polar/non-polar?
very polar. BUT, it does pass through the non-polar center of lipid bilayer in two ways:
- Lipid Pathway: The concentration of water on
the outside is so great that some water passes
through anyway, aided by the fact that water
molecules are so small
- Water Channels: Water can pass through
certain proteins called aquaporins
Are hydrocarbons polar/non-polar?
Non-polar, oily. Can diffuse through the bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer
Hydrophilic polar head, non-polar hydrophobic head. Only small, non-polar molecules can diffuse through with the exception of water
Bronchiole Pharmacology
Asthma Treatmnet
Solanaceous Plant Family
Trumpet shaped, poisonous, pretty
Family: Solanaceae, the nightshade family
- ~100 genera, ~2500 species
- Sol = sun, Solacium = Comfort
- Food Plants: Tomato, Potato, Eggplant, Chili
Angel’s Trumpet
Brugmansia, native to South America
Alkaloid
Naturally occurring organic compound usually containing a basic nitrogen
They are poisons
Muscarinic
An acetylcholine receptor (AChR), found in the brain, parasympathetic nervous system, where neurons connect to organs
Deadly Nightshade (Latin Name)
Atropa Belladonna
Synaptic Vesicle
Vesicles that carry neurotransmitter, fuse with exterior membrane, release into synapse
Acute Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco
- CNS Stimulant, Relaxant
- Anxiolytic: Reduces anxiety, enhances dreaming REM sleep
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Increases metabolic rate, side effects include nausea and vomiting
Nicotine Tolerance
- Develop tolerance to toxic side effects (like nausea), heart rate slows down
Toxic Effects of Nicotine/Tobacco
- Vasoconstriction: Heart rate, blood pressure up permanently
- Carbon monoxide concentration goes up in blood; hypoxia
- Decreased fertility, fetal tobacco syndrome, premature death SIDS
Mainstream Smoke
Smoke exhaled by a smoker
Side-stream Smoke
Smoke from the lighted end flowing into the air (not in/exhaled by smoker)
Glutamine
Most common neurotransmitter in the human brain
Most prevalent Alcohol Using Age Group
21-25
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Species of yeast, believed to be instrumental in winemaking/baking/brewing since ancient times
Thanatopathia
A group of psychoactive drugs, largely related to tobacco, where the usage of the drug often causes death but people uses it anyway
Tropane Alkaloids
Atropine, Scopolamine
Both can cross blood brain barrier, hydrophobic, parasympatholytic effects, acetycholine receptor antagonist, long lifetime
Prevalence
Percent of population affected with a particular condition or engaging in a particular behavior
Injections?
IV - Intravenous: time to brain ~20 seconds
IM - Intramuscular: time to brain ~3 minutes
IP - Intraperitoneal: time to brain ~3 minutes
subQ - Subcutaneous: time to brain ~several minutes
Jean Nicot
Travelled from France to Portugal, brought tobacco back from Portugal to cure queen’s headache
Richard Evans Schultes
Ethnobiologist who studied indigenous people and how they use plants
King James I
king who opposed tobacco; wrote “A Counterblaste to Tobacco”
Sir Walter Raleigh
popularized tobacco in England
Shaman
russia (siberian tungusic)
Soman = one who knows
ROUTES OF ENTRY _ Tobacco
Smoking (inhalation) (can be observed thru mouth/lungs)
Buccal (absorption thru mouth) (chewing tobacco, moist snuff)
Intranasal insufflation (dry snuff,
Oral-digestive (drinking)
Rectal
liver: biotransformation / metabolism
- make foreign chemicals more water soluble to promote excretion
- often reduces drug activity; may sometimes enhance it (prodrug à drug)
Blood flow
heart à arteries à capillaries à veins à heart
* ~ 5 liters of blood; makes the rounds of the body ~ every minute
* chemicals in blood distribute throughout entire blood supply
* partition into body tissues to varying degrees
