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Drugs > mid > Flashcards

mid Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

vessels that carry blood from the stomach/intestines to the liver

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2
Q

Objectivity - “view from nowhere”

A

describes a world as if your not part of it/ in it/ you are an observer/ it’s got nothing to do with you but it would still happen

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3
Q

World view

A

a perspective that individuals use to interpret and interact w/ the real world (what we believe reality is)

This can be shaped through beliefs, religion, and environment

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4
Q

Physicalism (physical materialism)

A

Idea that reality is matter

What we consider to be real - matter and energetic interactions

A view that everything in the world is, or is at the bottom, physical and it has evolved from materialism with advancements in the physical science

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5
Q

Pharmacology

A

How drugs interact with the body (absorption, distribution, mechanism of action)

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6
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

How drugs interact w/ your mind (psychological effects)

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7
Q

Pharmakon

A

Medicine and poison

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8
Q

Hepatic portal system:

A

vessels that carry blood from the stomach/intestines to the liver

System of veins consisting of hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. Responsible for directing blood from gastrointestinal tract to the liver

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels water

These guys are often transported through and between cells with hydrophilic proteins or structures attached to aid in their dispersal

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • water loving - loves to hang out with other things that have polarity/charge
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11
Q

ROE: Oral digestive (mouth)

A

ingestion by mouth, enters stomach and intestines
* hepatic portal system: gastrointestinal system to liver
* first-pass metabolism: biotransformation by liver
* time to brain ~ 20 mins

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12
Q

roe: Intraoral / buccal / oral buccal

A

3 mins

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13
Q

ROE: Rectal

A

3 minutes

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14
Q

ROE: Inhalation/smoking

A

10 secs

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15
Q

Parenteral Route

A

Route that does NOT PASS through the digestive system
Intraoral/buccal
Snorting
rectal

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16
Q

Macromolecules of biology

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

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17
Q

Synapse

A

Are the points of communicative contact between neurons

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18
Q

Electrical Synapse:

A

built from clusters of proteins that form channels in the membranes of 2 adjacent cells
Aka has a channel of proteins connecting 2 atoms, so electrical signal can travel straight over the synapse

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19
Q

CHEMICAL synapse:

A

Gap between the 2 neurons where neurons pass info in the form of neurotransmitters molecules

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20
Q

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

A

Slower, long lasting signaling, large diversity of effects: modulation of excitability, gene transcription, etc

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21
Q

Agonist

A

Molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and activates it
Neurotransmitters are agonists at their receptors

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22
Q

Antagonist

A

A molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and blocks it

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23
Q

Central Nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord; centrally coordinates information and activity throughout the body.
Controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, thought, and memory

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24
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Consists of the nerve and ganglia outside the CNS ; main function is to help connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Sensory, muscle, autonomic, enteric

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25
Q

Sympathetic

A

REGULATES the FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
Increased heart rate/blood pressure
Dilated lungs/pupils/airways
Constricted bladder/intestinal mobility

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26
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system:

A

Regulates actions like “REST AND DIGEST”
Decreases heart rate
Constricts lung airways
Constricts pupils
Stimulates bladder

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27
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system

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28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter for the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system

28
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Will activate sympathetic nervous system - MIMICS it
Stimulates system (ex: widening the air passages in the lung)

29
Q

Sympatholytic

A

Drug will disrupt activity of sympathetic nervous system

30
Q

Parasympathomimetic

A

Will activate and produce

31
Q

ROE: IV

A

20 secs

32
Q

Parasympatholytic

A

Disrupts activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

33
Q

First pass metabolism/biotransformation by liver

A

When material first passes into the bloodstream, it goes to the liver, if weird stuff is passing bye, it will be biotransformed
Causes the drug to have a reduction in concentration

34
Q

Number of Neurons in Brain

A

10^11 also known as 100,000,000,000 or one hundred billion

35
Q

Glial Cells

A

Non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system that:
- Surround/Support Neurons
- Supply nutrients/oxygen to neurons
- Insulates neurons from each other
- Destroy pathogens/remove dead neurons

They do not conduct electricity themselves

36
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Layer of endothelial cells that separates circulating blood from the brain and allows transportation by diffusion and transport through protiens

37
Q

Bonds per Atom

A

Carbon: 4
Nitrogen: 3
Oxygen: 2
Hydrogen: 1

38
Q

Is water polar/non-polar?

A

very polar. BUT, it does pass through the non-polar center of lipid bilayer in two ways:
- Lipid Pathway: The concentration of water on
the outside is so great that some water passes
through anyway, aided by the fact that water
molecules are so small
- Water Channels: Water can pass through
certain proteins called aquaporins

39
Q

Are hydrocarbons polar/non-polar?

A

Non-polar, oily. Can diffuse through the bilayer

40
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Hydrophilic polar head, non-polar hydrophobic head. Only small, non-polar molecules can diffuse through with the exception of water

41
Q

Bronchiole Pharmacology

A

Asthma Treatmnet

42
Q

Solanaceous Plant Family

A

Trumpet shaped, poisonous, pretty
Family: Solanaceae, the nightshade family
- ~100 genera, ~2500 species
- Sol = sun, Solacium = Comfort
- Food Plants: Tomato, Potato, Eggplant, Chili

43
Q

Angel’s Trumpet

A

Brugmansia, native to South America

44
Q

Alkaloid

A

Naturally occurring organic compound usually containing a basic nitrogen
They are poisons

45
Q

Muscarinic

A

An acetylcholine receptor (AChR), found in the brain, parasympathetic nervous system, where neurons connect to organs

46
Q

Deadly Nightshade (Latin Name)

A

Atropa Belladonna

47
Q

Synaptic Vesicle

A

Vesicles that carry neurotransmitter, fuse with exterior membrane, release into synapse

48
Q

Acute Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco

A
  • CNS Stimulant, Relaxant
  • Anxiolytic: Reduces anxiety, enhances dreaming REM sleep
  • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • Increases metabolic rate, side effects include nausea and vomiting
49
Q

Nicotine Tolerance

A
  • Develop tolerance to toxic side effects (like nausea), heart rate slows down
50
Q

Toxic Effects of Nicotine/Tobacco

A
  • Vasoconstriction: Heart rate, blood pressure up permanently
  • Carbon monoxide concentration goes up in blood; hypoxia
  • Decreased fertility, fetal tobacco syndrome, premature death SIDS
51
Q

Mainstream Smoke

A

Smoke exhaled by a smoker

52
Q

Side-stream Smoke

A

Smoke from the lighted end flowing into the air (not in/exhaled by smoker)

53
Q

Glutamine

A

Most common neurotransmitter in the human brain

54
Q

Most prevalent Alcohol Using Age Group

A

21-25

55
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

Species of yeast, believed to be instrumental in winemaking/baking/brewing since ancient times

56
Q

Thanatopathia

A

A group of psychoactive drugs, largely related to tobacco, where the usage of the drug often causes death but people uses it anyway

57
Q

Tropane Alkaloids

A

Atropine, Scopolamine

Both can cross blood brain barrier, hydrophobic, parasympatholytic effects, acetycholine receptor antagonist, long lifetime

58
Q

Prevalence

A

Percent of population affected with a particular condition or engaging in a particular behavior

59
Q

Injections?

A

IV - Intravenous: time to brain ~20 seconds
IM - Intramuscular: time to brain ~3 minutes
IP - Intraperitoneal: time to brain ~3 minutes
subQ - Subcutaneous: time to brain ~several minutes

60
Q

Jean Nicot

A

Travelled from France to Portugal, brought tobacco back from Portugal to cure queen’s headache

61
Q

Richard Evans Schultes

A

Ethnobiologist who studied indigenous people and how they use plants

62
Q

King James I

A

king who opposed tobacco; wrote “A Counterblaste to Tobacco”

63
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh

A

popularized tobacco in England

64
Q

Shaman

A

russia (siberian tungusic)
Soman = one who knows

65
Q

ROUTES OF ENTRY _ Tobacco

A

Smoking (inhalation) (can be observed thru mouth/lungs)
Buccal (absorption thru mouth) (chewing tobacco, moist snuff)
Intranasal insufflation (dry snuff,
Oral-digestive (drinking)
Rectal

66
Q

liver: biotransformation / metabolism

A
  • make foreign chemicals more water soluble to promote excretion
  • often reduces drug activity; may sometimes enhance it (prodrug à drug)
67
Q

Blood flow

A

heart à arteries à capillaries à veins à heart
* ~ 5 liters of blood; makes the rounds of the body ~ every minute
* chemicals in blood distribute throughout entire blood supply
* partition into body tissues to varying degrees

Drugs (3 decks)

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