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Microbiology Lab Final > Microscopy for Microbiology > Flashcards

Microscopy for Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Eye piece that is typically 10X or 15X magnification

A

Ocular Lens

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2
Q

Calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens with the objective lens

A

Total magnification factor

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3
Q

Visible area of a slide that can be observed

A

Field of View

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4
Q

Distance range that is in focus at a given time

A

Depth of Field

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5
Q

Held by the turret closest to the stage, and range in power from 4x to 100x magnification

A

Objective Lens

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6
Q

True or false: The coarse focus knob is larger then the fine focus knob.

A

True

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7
Q

Describe where the following are located on a microscope:

Ocular lens
Objective lens
Stage
Illuminator
Arm
Coarse Focus Knob
Fine Focus Knob
Base
Stage clip
Diaphragm
Turret
Condenser lens
Stage adjustment knobs

A

Ocular lens –> Eye piece
Objective Lens –> Contains magnification
Stage –> where the slide sits
Illuminator –> Light bulb at the bottom
Arm –> Where the microscope can be held
Coarse focus knob –> On the side of the arm
Fine coarse focus knob –> smaller, located on the coarse focus knob
Base –> Bottom of the microscope.
Stage clip –> Clips located on the stage
Diaphragm –> Directly under the stage
Turret –> Circular piece that turns the objective lens
Stage adjustment knobs –> On the slide of the stage to raise and lower the stage.

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8
Q

What is another word for optical microscope?

A

Light microscope

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9
Q

What is the difference between a compound microscope and optical microscope?

A

An optical microscope is a microscope that uses reflected visible light and a series of two or more convex lenses to magnify and focus an object. A compound microscope is a type of optical microscope. A compound microscope utilizes a lens of a short focal length and a second lens of a longer focal length. The short lens forms and focuses the image, and the longer lens magnifies and further focuses the image.

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10
Q

What is the approximate resolution for a compound microscope?

A

200 nm

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11
Q

What is resolving power?

A

The ability to discern two objects as separate and limited by the wavelength of light.

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11
Q

What is resolving power?

A

The ability to discern two objects as separate and limited by the wavelength of light.

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12
Q

True/False: A compound microscope is a type of optical microscope.

A

True

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13
Q

What is a typical power for the ocular lens?

A

10X or 15X

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14
Q

What power does the objective lens raise from?

A

4X to 100X

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15
Q

What is the lowest power objective lens called?

A

(4x) It is called the scanning power lens

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16
Q

What is the 4th, highest power lens called?

A

Oil immersion lens (100x)

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17
Q

Why are oil immersion lenses spring loaded and retractable?

A

So that if it comes into contact with an object it can retract and the lens wont get damaged.

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18
Q

How is the total magnification factor of a microscope calculated?

A

Ocular lens X objective lens

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19
Q

True/False: The higher the field of magnification, the larger the field of view.

A

False

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20
Q

Define depth of field.

A

The distance range that is in focus at a given time

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21
Q

What is shallow focus?

A

Emphasis on subject

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22
Q

What is greater focus?

A

Focus that will include alot of background

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23
Q

What is the arm of the microscope connected to?

A

The base

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24
Q

Where is the condenser lens? What does it do?

A

Located just below the stage and it focuses the light from the illuminator onto the slide.

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25
Q

What is the diaphragm? What does it do?

A

Sits below the stage and condeser lens. It is composed of overlapping pieces of metal or plastic that move to vary the amount of light projected toward the condenser lens.

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26
Q

The _____ sits below the stage and varies the field for viewing the specimen.

A

Diaphragm

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27
Q

The depth of field is independent of the total magnification factor.

A

False

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28
Q

How do you calculate the field of view?

A

High power FOV = Low power FOV X (TM of low power / TM of high power)

FOV = FOV TM = Total magnification

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29
Q

Why is it important to calculate the diameter of the field when first using the microscope?

A

Calculating the diameter of the field is important for approximating the actual size of the specimen that is being viewed.

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30
Q

The main component of an optical microscope that is used to focus an image at a high power of magnification is the _____.

A

Fine adjustment knob

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31
Q

The slide is placed on the _____ of an optical microscope.

A

Stage

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32
Q

Depth of field refers to the distance range that is in focus at a given time.

A

True

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33
Q

When calculating total magnification of a microscope, both the ocular lens and the objective lens should be considered.

A

True

34
Q

The oil immersion lens provides optimal viewing of large specimens.

A

False

35
Q

If the magnification of a compound microscope is increased from 10x to 100x, the field of view will ____

A

Decrease

36
Q

When creating a wet-mount slide, an individual should drop the cover slip on the top of a water droplet placed on the slide without touching it to the slide first.

A

False

37
Q

When creating a wet-mount slide, an individual should drop the cover slip on the top of a water droplet placed on the slide without touching it to the slide first.

A

False

38
Q

What is a primary spermatocyte or primary oocyte?

A

The germ cell replicates until each chromosome is duplicated. The sperm or egg cell contains twice the normal amount of DNA.

39
Q

What happens in the first step of meiosis ?

A

In the first step of meiosis 2, the germ cell’s DNA (2n) replicates until each chromosome is duplicated

40
Q

How many chromosomes in the first step of meiosis?

A

46 chromosomes are duplicated so there are now 92 chromosomes.

41
Q

How many chromosomes does primary spermatocyte or primary oocyte have?

A

92 (4n)

42
Q

True/False: In meiosis each duplicated chromosome forms two identical sister chromatids, linked together at a region known as the centromere.

A

True

43
Q

True/False: The first primary gamete divides into two secondary gametes.

A

True

44
Q

Each secondary gamete gets one copy of each duplicated ——– plus one sex chromosomes.

A

Autosome

45
Q

When do the sister chromatids separate?

A

In the second meiotic division.

46
Q

What are the two possible fates of spermatogonia?

A

Some continue to undergo mitosis throughout the male’s reproductive life and others are destined to start meiosis and become primary spermatocytes.

47
Q

In the embryonic ovary, germ cells are called———.

A

oogonia

48
Q

The gametes in a newborn male are at what stage of development? Is it the same in a newborn female?

A
49
Q

Compare the amount of DNA in the first polar body with the amount of DNA in the second polar body.

A
50
Q

How many gametes are formed from one primary oocyte? From one primary spermatocyte?

A
51
Q

What does aromatase do?

A

Aromatase converts androgens to estrogens

52
Q

What does the ovary produce?

A

Estrogens and progestins

53
Q

Which endocrine structure releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

What does GnRH control the secretion of ?

A

controls secretion of two anterior pituitary gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

55
Q

What is kisspeptin?

A

the control of GnRH is under the influence of several hypothalamic neuropeptides, including one named kisspeptin.

56
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Helps with gamete production

57
Q

What does LH do?

A

Causes endocrine cells to secrete steroid and peptide hormones.

58
Q

What does inhibins do?

A

inhibit FSH secretion

59
Q

What does activins do?

A

Activins stimulate FSH secretion

60
Q

What does the gonadal steroids cause the pituitary to release when low?

A

FSH and LH

61
Q

As steroid secretion increases, ———— feedback usually inhibits gonadotropin release.

A

negative

62
Q

As androgen levels go up, FSH and LH secretion goes———

A

down

63
Q

What does aromatase do?

A
64
Q

What does the following abbreviations strand for FSH, DHT, SRY, LH, GnRH, and AMH.

A
65
Q

Name the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones that control reproduction.

A
66
Q

What are the external male genitalia?

A

Penis and scrotum

67
Q

What is the layer of the skin that covers the glans called?

A

Prepuce

68
Q

What is it called when one or both testes fail to descend?

A

Cryptorchidism

69
Q

What are the male accessory glands and ducts known as?

A

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands

70
Q

What are the female external genitalia known as?

A

Vulva or pudendum

71
Q

What are the walls of the intestinal layers?

A

Smooth muscle, longitudinal, and circular

72
Q

Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of ——————-.

A

granulosa cell

73
Q

Describe the three phases of the ovarian cycle.

A

1.) Follicular phase - period of follicular growth in the ovary
2.) Ovulation - Ovary releases the oocytes during ovulation
3.) Luteal phase - postovulatory or luteal phase.

74
Q

In the uterus, menstruation ends during the early ———phase

A

follicular

75
Q

Describe the three phases of the uterine cycle.

A

1.) Menses
2.) Proliferative phase
3.) Secretory Phase

76
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

Surges in LH and FSH

77
Q

Which hormone is prominent during the follicular phase of the cycle?

A

Estrogen is the dominant steroid hormone

78
Q

What does AMH stand for?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

79
Q

What does AMH do?

A

Acts as a brake to keep too many follicules from developing at one time

80
Q

What does granulosa cells secrete?

A

AMH

81
Q

Which cells does FSH secrete?

A

Granulosa cells

82
Q

Which cells does LH secrete?

A

Thecal cells

Microbiology Lab Final (10 decks)

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