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biology module 2 mine > microscopy and cells > Flashcards

microscopy and cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the resolution and magnifications of a light telescope?

A
  • 200 nm

- x1500/ 2000

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2
Q

What is the resolution and magnification of a transmission electron microscope?

A
  • 0.2 nm

- x 500,000

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3
Q

What is the resolution and magnification of a scanning electron microscope?

A
  • 3-10nm

- x 250,000

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4
Q

What is ‘resolving power’?

A
  • degree at which detail can be seen in a microscope
  • reciprocal to the wavelength
  • shorter the wavelength, greater the resolution.
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5
Q

The use of ‘stains’ in microscopy. (3)

A
  • gives contrasts between certain structures
  • combines with certain chemical structures
  • makes certain structures visible
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6
Q

Examples of stains that bind to certain chemical properties

A
  • Iodine solution; starch; turns blue/ black
  • Eosin solution; cytoplasm; turns pink
  • Feulgens agent/ Aceto- orcein agent; DNA; dark red/ purple
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7
Q

Resolution is…

A

The ability of an optical system to distinguish between two adjacent objects

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8
Q

Light microscope

A
  • light source and lense

- light bounces of material into lense that focuses to produce magnified image

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9
Q

Transmission electron

A
  • electron through sample, then detected to form image

- 2D image

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10
Q

Scanning electron

A
  • electrons bounce off sample
  • detector forms image shown on screen
  • 3D image
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11
Q

Name the parts (4) of the nucleus.

A

Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope

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12
Q

Structure of the plasma membrane (5)

A
  • ‘Fluid mosaic model’
  • Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic head on outside and hydrophobic tails protected inside
  • Proteins in membranes
  • Cholesterol attaches to prevent solidification in cool temperatures
  • Carbohydrates attach
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13
Q

Function of the plasma membrane?

A

Compartmentalises interior cells and inside organelles

  • Controls what exists and enters organelle or cell
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14
Q

Name the parts (7) of Mitochondrion?

A 
Matrix
Crista
Ribosomes
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Loop of DNA
Fluid filled space
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15
Q

Function of the Mitochondrion?

A
  • Makes energy available for the cell
  • Use organic compounds (glucose) to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) uses in cells for energy
  • very active cells will have higher amount of this
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16
Q

Structure of the Mitochondrion?

A

Matrix: creates proteins (enzymes), contains DNA for coding proteins, enzymes for Kreb’s cycle

Double Membrane; inner- semipermeable to maintain conditions for enzymes, Outer- permeable to small molecules

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17
Q

What does the inner membrane of the Mitochondrion allow to leave and enter?

A
  • takes in pyrovic acid and oxygen to leave

- releases carbon dioxide and ATP

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18
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Type of vesicle; breaks down poisons using oxygen

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19
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Type of vesicle which; uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down dead cells and foreign matter
  • break down pathogens phagocytic cells
20
Q

Centrioles…

A

Near the nucleus;

- part of cell division by organising the chromosomes correctly

21
Q

Structure and function (4) of ribosomes?

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Contains large and small ‘subunit’
  • mRNA binding site for translation
  • Moves along mRNA for decoding and polypeptide synthesis
22
Q

Nucleoplasm function?

A
  • chromatin granules that condense to form chromosomes during division
  • contains nucleoli
23
Q

Function of the Nucleolus?

A 
- produces; 
ribosomes, 
coenzymes, 
nucleotides, 
proteins and RNA molecules
24
Q

Structure and function of Golgi apparatus?

A
  • layered stacks with vesicles

- packages proteins and modifies and sends them to specific parts of the cells

25
Q

Structure and function of SER? (4)

A
  • no ribosome
  • interconnected tubes
  • production of lipids and carbohydrates that contribute to surface membrane
  • produces steroids
26
Q

Structure and function of RER?

A
  • contains ribosome attached

- works with ribosome to create protein to be transported across cell

27
Q

function of chloroplast?

A
  • where photosynthetic reactions take place

- contains chlorophyll which absorbs light

28
Q

Name the parts (11) of an animal eukaryotic cell.

A 
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Cell surface membrane
Vesicles
Centrioles
29
Q

Parts of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • plasmid DNA
  • Plasmid membrane
  • DNA (chromosomal)
  • Mesosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall
  • capsule
  • ribosome
  • flagellum
30
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • fibrous protein actin

- cell movement and contraction; cytokinesis

31
Q

Microtubules

A
  • globular proteins
  • determines shape of cell
  • spindle fibres
  • track for material transportation
32
Q

Diameter of eukaryotic cells

A
  • 20-40 micrometers
33
Q

Diameter of prokaryotes

A
  • 0.5-5 micrometers
34
Q

Diameters of ribosomes for both type of cells

A
  • prokaryotes; 18nm

- eukaryotes; 22nm

35
Q

How is DNA found in both types of cells

A
  • prokaryotes; free and naked and plasmid DNA

- eukaryotes; bound to histones to form chromatin

36
Q

Need for compartmentalisation in cells and examples

A
  • separates incompatible reactions
  • anabolic and catabolic require different conditions
  • prevents damage from hydrolytic enzymes
  • eg nucleus, vesicles, lysosomes
37
Q

protein production

A

1) nucleus contains gene for protein, transcription mRNA made
2) protein translated at ribosomes on RER
3) in RER proteins are folded and processed
4) transported to Golgi apparatus in vesicles
5) at golgi appartus, further processing, modified
6) proteins transported via vesicles to plasma membrane and fuse, exocytosis

38
Q

difference between eukaryotes/prokaryotes

A

prokaryotes - eukaryotes

  1. less than 2um - about 10-100um
  2. DNA is circular - DNA is linear
  3. No nucleus(DNA-free) - nucleus is present(DNA contained)
  4. cell wall made of polysaccharide(peptidoglycan) - no cell wall(animals) cellulose(plant) chitin(fungi)
  5. few organelles/no membrane-bound organelles - many organelles/membrane bound
  6. flagella(flagellin arranged in helix) - flagella(microtubules ‘9+2’)
  7. small ribosomes - larger ribosomes
39
Q

Name two features of plant cells that are not features of animal cells.

A 
cellulose / cell, wall ;
chloroplast(s) ;
starch grain(s) / amyloplast(s) ;
large / permanent, vacuole ;
tonoplast ;
plasmodesma(ta) ;
40
Q

Name one structure present in animal cells that is not present in plant cells

A

centriole / glycogen granule ;

41
Q

The cytoskeleton in cells consists of microtubules and microfilaments.
Describe the roles of the cytoskeleton.

A

1 (whole) cell, support / stability / scaffolding /
maintain shape ;
2 movement of, cilia / flagella / undulipodia OR use
of cilia / flagellum / undulipodium to move cell ;
3 changing shape of cell / cytokinesis / pseudopodia /
phagocytosis / endocytosis / exocytosis /
muscle contraction ;
4 (named) organelles, moved / held in place ;
5 movement of, chromosomes / chromatids / (m)RNA ;

42
Q

State the functions of the components labelled mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

mitochondrion
(aerobic) respiration / producing ATP / release energy SER / smooth endoplasmic reticulum
transport / production / processing, of, fats / lipids /
steroids / carbohydrates ;

43
Q

Name one feature that would be present in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell that is not found in a eukaryotic cell.

A

(free / circular / naked) DNA / genetic material / nucleoid ;
plasmid ;
18nm / 70S / smaller, ribosomes ;

44
Q

Explain the difference between magnification and resolution.

A

magnification is
the number of times larger the image is compared to
the object ;
resolution is
ability to, distinguish / differentiate between, two separate
points

45
Q

A student stated that Fig. 4.1 was taken using a scanning electron microscope.
What evidence supports the student’s statement?

A

3 dimensional / 3D, (image) ;

can see the surface (detail) ;

biology module 2 mine (7 decks)

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