Microscopic 2.1

Question 1

What is the typical appearance of red blood cells (RBCs) in hypotonic urine?

Answer 1

Ghost cells

Question 2

Which of the following epithelial cells is the largest in urine sediment?

Answer 2

Squamous epithelial cells

Question 3

What is the main chemical test that correlates with the presence of WBCs in urine?

Answer 3

Leukocyte esterase

Question 4

Which epithelial cells have an eccentric nucleus and may be bilirubin-stained?

Answer 4

Renal tubular epithelial cells

Question 5

Oval fat bodies are associated with which condition?

Answer 5

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a source of error when identifying RBCs microscopically?

Answer 6

WBCs

Question 7

Which cast is most commonly found in normal urine and can increase after exercise?

Answer 7

Hyaline cast

Question 8

Which urinary crystal is associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

Answer 8

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

Question 9

The presence of clue cells in urine suggests which type of infection?

Answer 9

Gardnerella vaginalis infection

Question 10

Which urinary cast is highly refractile and has jagged edges, often seen in extreme urine stasis?

Answer 10

Waxy cast

Question 11

Which organism appears as pear-shaped and motile in urine microscopy?

Answer 11

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 12

Which urine sediment is most commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 12

Oval fat bodies

Question 13

Which parameter should be correlated with amorphous phosphates in urine microscopy?

Answer 13

Alkaline pH

Question 14

Which cast is always pathological and associated with glomerular damage?

Answer 14

RBC cast

Question 15

What type of cells are glitter cells?

Answer 15

WBCs

Question 16

Which epithelial cells originate from the renal tubules?

Answer 16

Renal tubular epithelial cells

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a normal urinary crystal?

Answer 17

Cystine

Question 18

Which cast consists of degenerated cellular material and appears coarsely granular?

Answer 18

Granular cast

Question 19

Which urine chemical test correlates with the presence of bacteria?

Answer 19

Nitrite

Question 20

Which condition is most commonly associated with waxy casts?

Answer 20

Chronic renal failure

Question 21

What is the typical shape of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals?

Answer 21

Envelope shape

Question 22

Which urine test result correlates with the presence of yeast?

Answer 22

Glucose

Question 23

What is the main protein component of urinary casts?

Answer 23

Tamm-Horsfall protein

Question 24

Which epithelial cells are found in urine and have a centrally located nucleus?

Answer 24

Transitional epithelial cells

Question 25

What type of microscopy is used to confirm the presence of oval fat bodies?

Answer 25

Polarized microscopy

Question 26

Which sediment structure resembles a "brick dust" appearance in acidic urine?

Answer 26

Amorphous urates

Question 27

Which urinary structure is formed when bacteria bind to a protein matrix?

Answer 27

Bacterial cast

Question 28

What is the clinical significance of RBC casts in urine?

Answer 28

Glomerulonephritis or strenuous exercise

Question 29

Which component of urine sediment is described as having a "maltese cross" pattern under polarized light?

Answer 29

Cholesterol crystals

Question 30

What urinary sediment is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus?

Answer 30

Fatty casts

Question 31

Which condition is strongly associated with broad casts in urine?

Answer 31

End-stage renal disease (chronic renal failure)

Question 32

What is the typical urine pH when triple phosphate crystals are present?

Answer 32

Alkaline

Question 33

Which urinary structure appears as a thin, thread-like substance with a low refractive index?

Answer 33

Mucus

Question 34

Which urinary crystals are yellow-brown, rhomboid, and associated with gout?

Answer 34

Uric acid crystals

Question 35

Which microscopic structure in urine may be confused with RBCs but does not lyse in acetic acid?

Answer 35

Yeast cells

Question 36

What urine sediment appears as a dumbbell or spindle shape and is associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

Answer 36

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

Question 37

What urinary test result is most closely correlated with the presence of WBCs?

Answer 37

Leukocyte esterase

Question 38

Which urinary sediment appears as a "whetstone" shape and is associated with gout?

Answer 38

Uric acid crystals

Question 39

Which type of casts are always considered pathological?

Answer 39

RBC casts

Question 40

What condition is suggested by the presence of granular casts in urine?

Answer 40

Chronic kidney disease or strenuous exercise

Question 41

What is the significance of finding hyaline casts in urine?

Answer 41

Normal finding, dehydration, or exercise

Question 42

Which urinary sediment consists of non-motile, oval structures with budding forms?

Answer 42

Yeast

Question 43

Which cast is commonly found in nephrotic syndrome and contains lipid droplets?

Answer 43

Fatty casts

Question 44

Which test result correlates with the presence of bacteria in urine?

Answer 44

Positive nitrite test

Question 45

Which urinary sediment appears as a flagellated, motile organism under the microscope?

Answer 45

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 46

Which epithelial cell type is commonly shed from the bladder and ureters?

Answer 46

Transitional epithelial cells

Question 47

What condition is associated with increased renal tubular epithelial cells in urine?

Answer 47

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 48

What is the source of error in identifying oval fat bodies in urine?

Answer 48

Bacteria or amorphous debris

Question 49

Which cast appears wider than normal and is associated with end-stage renal disease?

Answer 49

Broad cast

Question 50

What chemical test result is associated with significant bilirubinuria?

Answer 50

Positive bilirubin on dipstick

Question 51

What urine sediment is commonly confused with amorphous phosphates?

Answer 51

Amorphous urates

Question 52

Which urine test is most helpful in diagnosing pyelonephritis?

Answer 52

Leukocyte esterase and nitrite

Question 53

Which urinary crystal appears as hexagonal plates and is associated with cystinuria?

Answer 53

Cystine crystals

Question 54

Which abnormal urinary crystal appears as fine, silky needles and is associated with liver disease?

Answer 54

Tyrosine crystals

Question 55

Which of the following structures is NOT typically reported in routine urinalysis?

Answer 55

Artifacts (e.g., pollen grains, fibers)

Question 56

What is the typical correlation of broad casts with kidney disease?

Answer 56

Severe chronic renal failure

Question 57

Which urinary sediment is often seen in patients with severe dehydration?

Answer 57

Hyaline casts

Question 58

Which urinary sediment is most indicative of glomerular damage?

Answer 58

RBC casts

Question 59

Which urine sediment is correlated with high proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 59

Fatty casts

Question 60

RBC casts are always considered pathological.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Glitter cells are seen in hypotonic urine and are a type of WBC.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Triple phosphate crystals are commonly found in acidic urine.

Answer 62

False

Question 63

The presence of clue cells in urine is an indicator of a bacterial infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.

Answer 63

False

Question 64

The major protein component of urinary casts is Tamm-Horsfall protein.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Fatty casts are primarily associated with urinary tract infections.

Answer 65

False

Question 66

Amorphous urates are found in acidic urine and dissolve when heated.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Cystine crystals are normal findings in urine.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

Hyaline casts are the most commonly found casts in normal urine.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Glucose can be used to differentiate yeast from RBCs in urine microscopy.

Answer 69

True