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urinalysis > microscopic > Flashcards

microscopic Flashcards

1
Q

formed elements

A

cells
casts
crystals
mucus

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2
Q

blood indicates

A

RBCs and RBC casts

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3
Q

protein indicates

A

casts, cells

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4
Q

nitrite indicate

A

bacteria

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5
Q

glucose indicates

A

yeast

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6
Q

less urine=

A

less sediment

make sure to spin down specimen

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7
Q

examination tech

A

brightfield- standard

polarizing- birefringent

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8
Q

Hematuria

A

dysmorphic rbc associated= glomerular damage

normal rbc= recent damage

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9
Q

most important WBC to ID

A

granulocytes

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10
Q

eosionophils require staining in

A

acute DI interstitial nephritis

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11
Q

correlation for WBC

A

+ leukocyte
+nitrite
hazy turbid

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12
Q

large numbers of epis indicate

A

irritation or infection

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13
Q

correlation for squamous epi

A

hazy turbid urine

report average for 5 LPF

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14
Q

what can transitional cells indicate

A

infection, irritation higher in tract, or catheter placement

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15
Q

correlates with transitional epi

A

hazy turbid urine
elevated squamous
blood +

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16
Q

highly significant cell found

A

renal tubular epi

suggest glomerular disease, acute tubular necrosis

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17
Q

renal tubular epi

A

higher N:C ration
-help reabsorb substances

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18
Q

RTE with large amounts of fat called

A

oval fat bodies

if a lot of cholesterol= maltese cross under polarized

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19
Q

oval fat bodies associated with

A

nephrotic syndrome, lipid storage, diabetes

stain in sudan oil

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20
Q

RTE correlates

A

hazy turbid
protein+
blood +
bili+
lipid droplets

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21
Q

bacteria presence indicates

A

UTI

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22
Q

bacteria correlates

A

leukocyte +
nitrite +
alkaline pH
mucous

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23
Q

where is yeast commonly found

A

diabetic patient because yeast rapidly ferment glucose

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24
Q

most common parasite found in urine

A

trichomonas

needs to be unrefrigerated
need to ID motile

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25
Q

when is sperm found

A

men who recently ejaculated

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26
Q

when is sperm clinically significant

A

retrograde emission - semen ejected in bladder during ejack.

or infertility

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27
Q

correlates sperm

28
Q

make sure if sperm found in minor

29
Q

what is mucous

A

threads of protein - uromodulin

no significance

protein +

30
Q

what is a cast

A

precipitated protein that holds shape of convoluted tubules

31
Q

hyaline casts made of

A

uromodulin

small amount may be present after exercise or stress

large amounts- glomerulonephritis, blah

32
Q

how do hyaline cast get missed

A

high light, low contrast

33
Q

how to report hyaline casts

A

average number for low power field

-insept at high

34
Q

granular casts formed

A

lysozyme excreted by RTE’s into hyaline casts or degrading cellular casts

35
Q

what is granular cast associated with

A

tubular interstital disease and graft rejection

36
Q

all casts how to report

A

count average in 5 low power, but confirm on high

37
Q

waxy casts

A

granular casts degrade into waxy

-jagged edges or tears

associated with renal failure

highly significant

38
Q

rbc cast

A

rbc trapped in cast from glomerulus

associated with glomerulonephritis

significant!!

39
Q

if find a rbc cast with lipid or protein think

A

nephrotic syndrome

40
Q

wbc casts

A

wbc trapped in cast from nephron and suggest inflammation of upper urinary tract

41
Q

bacterial cast

A

bacteria trapped in matrix

-pyelonephritis

correlates with + leukocyte esterase

42
Q

epithelial cast

A

RTE cells present in cast matrix

-same disorders as RTE cells

highly significant

43
Q

fatty casts

A

lipid droplets or oval fat bodies trapped in cast

associated with nephrotic syndrome, toxic tubular necrosis, diabetes, crush injuries

highly significant

44
Q

what does fatty cast not stain with

A

sternheimer-malbin stains

45
Q

mixed cellular cast

A

more than one cellular element trapped in cast

46
Q

crystal formation is dependent on

A

temp and pH

47
Q

best urine to observe crystals

A

fresh unpreserved

48
Q

uric acid

A

normal crystal
-acidic
-rhomboid shape

can be increased in gout - correlate with serum uric acid

49
Q

amorphous uric acid

A

brownish or pink

50
Q

calcium oxalate

A

-normal crystal
-acidic

renal calculi
-tomatoes

kidney stones are this

51
Q

calcium oxalate form

A

dihydrate

shape is envelope

52
Q

what form of calcium oxalate associated with antifreeze poisoning

A

monohydrate

dumbell

53
Q

triple phosphate

A

-normal crystal

-alkaline

coffin lid

54
Q

calcium phosphate crystal

A

alkaline urine

-so many shapes; rosettes

55
Q

what can calcium phosphate crystals dissolve in

A

weak acetic acid

56
Q

calcium carbonate crystal

A

alkaline urine

oblong dumbell shape

57
Q

ammonium biurate

A

thorny apple

-old urines : means urine is unacceptable

normal crystal

58
Q

cystine crystal

A

abnormal

seen in cystinuria: cystine can’t be reabsorbed by renal tubule

kidney stones from young age

59
Q

how to confirm cystine crystals

A

cyanide- nitroprusside test

60
Q

shape of cystine crystals

A

thick, hexagonal crystals

61
Q

tyrosine crystals

A

abnormal

liver disorders and inborn aminoacidopathies

found with leucine

62
Q

shape of tyrosine crystal

A

fine needles

63
Q

leucine crystal

A

abnormla
liver disorders

tree stump

64
Q

bilirubin crystals

A

abnormal
liver disorders

dark amber rosettes

65
Q

cholesterol crystal

A

seen with lipiduria

oval fat bodies

notched corners

66
Q

starch granules have

A

pseduo-maltese cross

urinalysis (3 decks)

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