kidney structure and function Flashcards
renal pelvis
upper part of ureter that extends into the kidney
males urethra
20 cm long
passes through prostate glnd
females urethra
4 cm long
sits in front of vaginal wall
more prone to UTIs because shorter
kidney location
posterior abdominal wall
outer area of kidneys
cortex
inner area of kidney
medulla (renal pyramids)
kidney receives blood through _____ ________
renal artery
how much blood does kidney receive every minute
1200 mL
per day about 200 quarts
renal function is ______ on blood flow to kidney and how efficiently kidneys filter blood
dependent
blood leaves the kidney through the
renal vein
renal artery will break up into thousands of smaller branches known as
afferent arterioles
-these carry blood to nephrons
-larger and create hydrostatic pressure needed for filtration
leaving heart blood flow
heart
aorta
renal artery
afferent arterioles
nephron
returning to heart flow
nephron
efferent arterioles
inferior vena cava
heart
functional unit of the kidney
nephron
-urine is formed here
-composed of glomerulus and renal tubules
flow of movement in nephron
glomerulus to bowman’s capsule to proximal tubule to loop of henle to distal tubule
urine formation begins in the
glomerulus
-basement membrane is a filter
-urine formation begins here
the glomerulus is surrounded by
bowman’s capsule
semi-permeable
albumin
negatively charged so to prevent it from passing through glomerulus has shield of negativity
REPELS
early sign of diabetes is albumin in urine
how much filtrate is produced in the glomerulus daily
180 liters
but only 1-2 liters becomes urine
-most is reabsorbed back to blood
what is filtered out of blood into the urine
water
ions
nitrogenous wastes
small molecules
creatinine
urochrome -makes pee yellow
not filtered out in blood (in plasma)
formed elements
albumin
where does reabsorption start
proximal convoluted tubule
80% of electrolytes pass through will get reabsorbed into bloodstream
-can be active or passive
glucose threshold
160-180
things reabsorbed in blood stream in proximal
water, Na, CL, glucose, bicarb
loop of henle main function
reduce volume of urine while reabsorbing Na and CL
descending loop
concentrating portion
permeable to H20
-moved out of loop
impermeable to most solutes
ascending loop
diluting portion
secretes Na and CL
prevents water loss
where does reabsorption of bicarb ions take place
proximal tubules
-done in order to maintain blood pH of 7.4
bicarb exchanged for Cl
Na and K have a
inverse relationship
distal convoluted tubule 2 main function
final reabsorption of Na and H2O
maintain acid/base balance
main function of aldosterone
keep Na at expense of K
aldosterone released by adernal gland
Na follows aldosterone
vasopressin released by
pituitary gland
Na and Cl seem to always go in same direction but this only happens if
acid base balance
collecting duct
final site to either concentrate or dilute as needed
ADH and aldosterone directing
what is reabsorbed in collecting duct
chloride and urea reabsorbed
function of renin-angiotension-aldosterone system
regulate blood flow to and within glomerulus
-how kidney sense
juxtaglomerular apparatus monitos 2 things
changes in systemic blood pressure
sodium content of blood plasma
-sodium major driver of osmolality
if low sodium plasma
decreases water retention
decrease overall blood volume
decrease BP
enzyme produced by kidney
renin
convert angiotensin to angiotensin 1
angiotensin 1
inactive hormone
passes though lungs
gets converted to angiotension 2 (active version)
angiotensin 2
causes vasodilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent
what does angiotension release
aldosterone- reabsorption of Na2+
releases ADH/vasopression
increase in body hydration
decrease ADH
increase urine volume
decrease body hydration
increases ADH
decrease urine volume
increase in aldosterone
increase Na
decrease K
decrease aldosterone
decrease Na
increase K
